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Methods of Accumulated Temperature During Rice Growing Stage in Heilongjiang Province
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摘要: 以水稻为例，根据温强系数研究成果和温度日变化事实，探索一种集农学和生物学意义的积温计算方法。研究表明：利用日极端温度，通过正弦分段模拟，并经订正方程可以模拟出与实际情况相似的日温度连续变化；利用方程分段模拟出低于20℃、高于30℃的水稻温强系数，拓展了水稻温强系数的研究成果，获得了水稻三基点温度范畴的温强系数；温强系数实质是对水稻温度三基点学说的具体度量；通过时温度当量和日温度当量，实现了对水稻整个生长时期的任意时段的热量条件进行无缝量化。以哈尔滨市为例，分析了1961-2015年近55年的水稻当量积温时间特征。因计算积温时考虑了温度三基点及温度日变化的事实，提高了当量积温计算的精确度，能够突出时间和空间上的热量差异。Abstract: The accumulated temperature is an important index for regional thermal resource to be valued and development process of crops to be evaluated. Taking rice for example, based on the research of temperature coefficient and change of diurnal temperature, a new method of accumulated temperature is explored and studied with biological significance, so heat excessive and fewness could be shown accurately during growing stage of rice. The result shows that using daily extreme temperature, sub-sine simulation method and correct formula can simulate the diurnal variation of temperature for meteorological stations, such as Fuyu, Fujin, Muling and Harbin; temperature coefficients of rice are sectionally simulated above 30℃ and under 20℃ with Curve Equation Method. Results are extended for rice temperature coefficient. Temperature coefficients between three fundamental points of temperature are simulated. It could be as virtual quantification to three fundamental points of temperature. Hourly and daily equivalent temperature are got by combining temperature coefficient with simulated and corrected temperature of 24 h, and accumulated equivalent temperature is achieved during growing stage for rice. The method is preferable to the early method which values the accumulated temperature with daily mean temperature because it could not overlook positive role of temperature of part hours on rice at a low temperature condition, and it could not exaggerate positive role of temperature of part hours on rice at a high temperature condition. The method shows that different rice growing stages is various reaction of changing temperature. Furthermore, continuous quantification of heat resources is achieved during growing of rice. Accuracy is increased for equivalent accumulated temperature during the growing of rice. Taking Harbin city for example, the stage is main period of vigorous growth because daily equivalent temperature is close to daily mean temperature, and even is above daily mean temperature in June and July. In the last 55 years, the accumulated temperature increase significantly by 92℃·d/(10 a); they are sharp periods of that in the 1970s and the 1990s, with the climate change trend rate 359℃·d/(10 a) and 559℃·d/(10 a). From the 2000s to now, heat resource is full. Three fundamental points and diurnal changes of the temperature are taken in studying methods of accumulated equivalent temperature, so accuracy is increased for computation of accumulated equivalent temperature, and could show heat difference in the time and space.
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图 1 水稻生育期间温度与温强系数的关系
Fig. 1 Relations between temperature and temperature coefficient during rice growing stage
图 2 哈尔滨站2015年5—9月温度观测值和模拟订正值
Fig. 2 Curves of observed temperature and corrected simulated temperature at Harbin Station
图 3 2015年5月17日 (a)、5月20日 (b)、7月10日 (c)、8月31日 (d) 哈尔滨站24 h时温度和时温度当量变化
Fig. 3 Variations of hourly equivalent temperature and hourly temperature at Harbin Station on 17 May (a), 20 May (b), 10 Jul (c) and 31 Aug (d) in 2015
图 4 2015年哈尔滨站水稻生长季日平均温度和日温度当量变化
Fig. 4 Variations of daily temperature and daily equivalent temperature at Harbin Station during rice growing in 2015
图 5 哈尔滨站1961—2015年水稻生长季当量积温距平变化
Fig. 5 Variations of accumulated equivalent temperature anomaly during rice growing stage at Harbin Station from 1961 to 2015
温度/℃ 温强系数 20 0.81 21 0.86 22 0.91 23 0.95 24 0.99 25 1.02 26 1.03 27 1.04 28 1.03 29 1 30 0.94 
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表 2 哈尔滨站各时刻模拟温度的订正方程
Table 2 Correct formula of imitation temperature at Harbin Station
时间 回归方程 01:00 ts=0.154+0.974ta 02:00 ts=1.107+0.951ta 03:00 ts=1.76+0.921ta 04:00 ts=1.957+0.929ta 05:00 ts=1.951+0.927ta 06:00 ts=1.611+0.946ta 07:00 ts=1.851+0.957ta 08:00 ts=2.008+0.972ta 09:00 ts=2.416+0.966ta 10:00 ts=2.391+0.97ta 11:00 ts=1.734+0.991ta 12:00 ts=0.348+1.034ta 13:00 ts=-0.217+1.033ta 14:00 ts=-1.156+1.042ta 15:00 ts=-1.421+1.032ta 16:00 ts=-1.626+1.017ta 17:00 ts=-1.189+0.981ta 18:00 ts=-1.626+0.98ta 19:00 ts=-2.286+0.986ta 20:00 ts=-2.576+0.976ta 21:00 ts=-2.571+0.97ta 22:00 ts=-2.097+0.972ta 23:00 ts=-1.51+0.98ta 24:00 ts=-0.767+0.984ta 注：ts代表订正后温度，ta代表分段模拟温度；方程均达到0.01显著性水平。
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表 3 5—9月各月观测温度与模拟订正温度平均值比较
Table 3 Mean value comparison of observed and corrected simulated temperature from May to Sep
月份 富裕站 富锦站 穆棱站 哈尔滨站 观测值/℃ 模拟订正值/℃ 观测值/℃ 模拟订正值/℃ 观测值/℃ 模拟订正值/℃ 观测值/℃ 模拟订正值/℃ 5 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 13.1 12.9 14.2 14.3 6 20.5 20.4 20.0 20.1 19.4 19.4 22.0 22.0 7 23.2 23.1 22.0 21.7 22.0 21.8 23.6 23.3 8 21.7 22.0 22.0 22.0 21.0 21.1 22.5 22.6 9 14.3 14.4 15.0 15.2 14.9 15.3 16.3 16.5
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表 4 黑龙江省水稻生育阶段的温强系数
Table 4 Temperature coefficient during rice growing stage in Heilongjiang Province
温度/℃ 温强系数 12 0 13 0.19 14 0.3 15 0.4 16 0.49 17 0.58 18 0.66 19 0.73 20 0.81 21 0.86 22 0.91 23 0.95 24 0.99 25 1.02 26 1.03 27 1.04 28 1.03 29 1 30 0.94 31 0.83 32 0.68 33 0.5 34 0.28 35 0
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表 5 两种日温度当量计算结果对比
Table 5 The comparison of daily equivalent temperature by two methods
日期 日平均温度/℃ 日温度当量/℃ 方法a 方法b 05-17 11.7 3.2 0 05-20 16.2 9.0 7.9 07-10 28.8 21.2 29.6 08-31 20.7 17.3 16.7
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表 6 基于观测与模拟时温度的2015年5月20日—9月30日当量积温对比
Table 6 The comparison of accumulated equivalent temperature on observed and simulated hourly temperature from 20 May to 30 Sep in 2015
站名 观测当量积温/(℃·d) 模拟当量积温/(℃·d) 偏差/(℃·d) 富裕站 2018 2006 12 富锦站 1896 1896 0 穆棱站 1854 1858 -4 哈尔滨站 2255 2261 -6
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