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The Characteristic and Current Model of Radiation Impulse in Lightning Initial Preliminary Breakdown Process
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摘要: 利用2012年青海大通地区高精度闪电三维辐射源定位结果和宽带电场脉冲波形同步数据，基于3种改进的传输线模型和粒子群优化算法，拟合发生在不同距离上不同类型闪电初始预击穿过程的双极性脉冲波形结构，反演初始流光通道内电流波形和特征参数，对比分析3种模型对初始预击穿过程和梯级先导双极性脉冲波形的拟合效果，统计分析4类闪电初始预击穿脉冲的物理特征。结果表明：3种改进的传输线模型均能较好地拟合出双极性脉冲结构，且MTLE模型更合理。负地闪的初始预击穿过程和梯级先导过程呈现出相同的传输特征，即均以梯级形式发展，且拟合物理参量也较为接近。初始流光向上的路径长度大于初始流光向下的路径长度，初始流光向上击穿进入上部正电荷区的路径上中和的总电荷量和总垂直偶极矩远大于初始流光向下的路径上中和的总电荷量和总垂直偶极矩。Abstract: Physical characteristics of the initial breakdown pulse has been studied widely, but the exact three-dimensional position of the initial breakdown pulse and physical characteristics of the maximum amplitude initial breakdown pulse are not understood deeply yet. Based on three improved transmission line models and particle swarm optimization algorithm, the bipolar pulse of initial preliminary breakdown process in different types of lightning at different distances is fitted by using high-precision lightning three-dimensional radiation source localization results and synchronization data of wideband electric field pulse waveform at Datong of Qinghai. The radiation field component is modified and the current waveform of initial streamer channel and characteristic parameters are derived. The fitting effect of three models on the bipolar pulse waveform of the initial preliminary breakdown process and step leader process are comparatively analyzed, and the physical feature of the initial breakdown pulse are statistically analyzed. At the same time, the bipolar pulse propagation mechanism and physical characteristics of the lightning initial pre-breakdown process are further studied.All three models can reasonably fit the measured bipolar waveforms. and it may be more reasonable that the current in the channel exponentially decays with height. The leader process and the initial preliminary breakdown process of the negative cloud-to-ground flash show cascaded developing, and both parameters using MTLE model fitting is close, indicating their transmission features are similar. The total amount of charge, total vertical dipole moment and the path length of the initial streamer upward propagating to positive charge region are larger than that of the initial streamer downward propagating to positive charge region. It may be related with the distance between the positive and negative charge region. When fitting the bipolar pulse waveform with three improved transmission line models, no model is constantly better than the other models, and it depends on specific analysis of the pulse structure. It should be noted that some of the initial pre-puncturing process bipolar pulse sometimes superimposed on the high frequency pulse, which may affect the fitting effect, but these pulses are considered inevitable product of the lightning discharge process. The presence of these pulses cannot be ignored when fitting. The wide-band electric field pulse waveform produced by lightning discharge is also distorted by the influence of environmental factors (mountains, trees, etc.) during the transmission process, which may cause the fitting effect of the pulse rising edge and the pulse end period not ideal, and therefore, synchronized electric field pulse waveform data in other observation stations can be selected for comparison and confirmation.
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图 1 传输线几何模型和3种模型峰值电流随高度变化
(a)模型，(b)峰值电流
Fig. 1 Transmission line geometry model and the peak current of three models varies with height
(a)model, (b)peak current
图 2 负地闪20120727201503初始预击穿过程和起始脉冲簇结构
(a)宽带电场变化，(b)辐射源高度变化
Fig. 2 The preliminary breakdown process and initial pulse cluster of the negative cloud-to-ground flash 20120727201503
(a)the change of broadband electric field, (b)the change of radiation source altitude
图 3 负地闪20120724162753初始预击穿过程的起始脉冲簇
Fig. 3 The preliminary breakdown process and initial pulse cluster of the negative cloud-to-ground flash 20120724162753
图 4 3种模型下IBP-1观测、拟合电场变化及分量场对比
(a)MTLL模型电场变化，(b)MTLE模型电场变化，(c)MTLK模型电场变化，(d)MTLL模型分量场，(e)MTLE模型分量场，(f)MTLK模型分量场
Fig. 4 The measured, fitted electric field changes and component field of IBP-1 under three models
(a)the electric field change under MTLL model, (b)the electric field change under MTLE model, (c)the electric field change under MTLK model, (d)the component field under MTLL model, (e)the component field under MTLE model, (f)the component field under MTLK model
图 5 正云闪20120724165147初始预击穿过程和起始脉冲簇
Fig. 5 The preliminary breakdown process and initial pulse cluster of positive intracloud flash 20120724165147
图 6 3种模型下IBP-2观测、拟合电场变化及分量场对比
(a)MTLL模型电场变化，(b)MTLE模型电场变化，(c)MTLK模型电场变化，(d)MTLL模型分量场，(e)MTLE模型分量场，(f)MTLK模型分量场
Fig. 6 The measured, fitted electric field changes and component field of IBP-2 under three models
(a)the electric field change under MTLL model, (b)the electric field change under MTLE model, (c)the electric field change under MTLK model, (d)the component field under MTLL model, (e)the component field under MTLE model, (f)the component field under MTLK model
图 7 初始向下负地闪20120724163958放电全过程
Fig. 7 The whole process of the negative cloud-to-ground flash 20120724163958 developing downward initially
图 8 初始向下负地闪20120724163958初始预击穿过程和梯级先导宽带电场和辐射源高度变化
Fig. 8 Broadband electric field and radiation source height change of the preliminary breakdown process and step leader process of the negative cloud-to-ground flash 20120724163958 whose initial streamer of negative ground flash developing downward
表 1 53个双极性脉冲拟合统计的结果
Table 1 Fitted results of 53 bipolar pulses
放电过程(脉冲数) MTLL模型 MLTE模型 MTLK模型 平均确定系数 拟合最佳脉冲数 确定系数 拟合最佳脉冲数 确定系数 拟合最佳脉冲数 确定系数 负云闪初始预击穿过程(6个) 1 0.893 3 0.899 2 0.898 0.897 正云闪初始预击穿过程(23个) 5 0.881 12 0.881 6 0.880 0.881 初始向下负地闪初始预击穿过程(7个) 2 0.894 4 0.895 1 0.891 0.892 初始向上负地闪初始预击穿过程(8个) 2 0.877 4 0.875 2 0.877 0.877 初始向下发展负地闪梯级先导(9个) 2 0.856 4 0.857 3 0.855 0.854 总双极性脉冲(53个) 12 0.879 27 0.879 14 0.8788 0.879 
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表 2 初始向下负地闪20120724163958初始预击穿过程和梯级先导过程MTLE模型拟合结果
Table 2 Physical parameters of step leader pulse of the negative cloud-to-ground flash 20120724163958 whose initial streamer developing downward in MTLE model
物理参数 初始预击穿过程 梯级先导过程 范围 平均值 范围 平均值 t1/μs 0.7~0.8 0.75 0.3~0.72 0.47 (t1-t2)/μs 1.25~7.45 4.55 1.2~4.5 2.76 v/(108 m·s-1) 1.18~1.3 1.24 1.28~1.5 1.35 A/kA 15.32~78.23 40.65 12.10~60.49 32.99 Q/C 0.123~0.629 0.363 0.09~0.41 0.222 P/(C·m) 10.19~108.39 47.91 8.39~44.36 23.23
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表 3 4类闪电初始预击穿过程MTLE模型拟合结果
Table 3 Physical parameters of initial breakdown pulse of four different types of flashes in MTLE model
放电过程 初始流光向上或向下进入正电荷区路径长度/m 起始脉冲簇中和电荷总量/C 起始脉冲簇总垂直偶极矩/(C·m) 负云闪初始预击穿过程 947.55(向下) 1.944 227.436 正云闪初始预击穿过程 3174.14(向上) 13.179 -4136.55 初始向下负地闪初始预击穿过程 750.47(向下) 1.491 335.342 初始向上负地闪初始预击穿过程 1389.24(向上) 2.744 -390.344
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