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Prediction Experiment for the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Strength by Physical-statistic Integrated Model
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摘要: 利用影响南海夏季风年际变化的主要气候现象厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（El Niño-Southern Oscillation，ENSO）和对流层准两年振荡（Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation，TBO）相关的气候因子，提出了以过程判别函数确定物理过程的持续性，建立年际尺度的集成物理统计预测模型，而非年际尺度变率由经验统计模型预测，二者相结合，发展了集成物理-经验统计预测模型。经验模型在拟合时段的回报结果很好，但在独立样本预测时效果明显降低，其中预测评分（PS）降低了23%，距平相关系数（ACC）降低了63%；相比之下，集成物理-经验统计预测模型在独立样本预测时比经验模型有更好的预测结果（PS评分提高了9.5%，ACC提高了75%），且预测结果相对稳定。此外，集成物理-经验统计预测模型对南海夏季风降水的空间分布也有一定预测能力。Abstract: The South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) is a tropical system that plays a key role during the flood season of South China. However, the prediction of the SCSSM strength is difficult by no matter dynamic or statistic methods. Statistic methods are used in practice rather than dynamic model, but empirical-statistic models always have good hindcasting results during the period of building model, while the forecasting skills decrease evidently in practice. Physical-statistic methods have relatively stable predictive skill when the persistence of physical processes is taken into account. Therefore, an integrated technique is introduced based on associated physical processes to establish a predictive model for SCSSM. It is well known that the rainfall of SCSSM has multi-scale climate variability, for example, quasi-biennial and quasi-quadrennial time scale, which are mainly related to TBO (Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation) and ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation), respectively. Based on the corresponding climatic factors, a physical-statistic integrated model is built. Combined with the traditional empirical-statistic method, a new prediction model (namely physical and empirical-statistic integrated model) for SCSSM is developed.First, original data are processed by removing the climatic state (1981-2010) and linear trend, and then anomalous data are filtered on the TBO (12-36 months) and ENSO (36-96 months) time scales since the biennial mode of SCSSM has little connection with the ENSO. Second, regressed results based on climatic factors (e.g., sea surface temperature anomalies in Niño3.4 and the tropical western Pacific, precipitation anomalies over the maritime continent and Australian monsoon region) are assembled according to a discrimination function that is correlation coefficient larger than 0.05 significant level between regressed results and the filtered SCSSM precipitation. Moreover, the rest precipitation with SCSSM inter-annual variations removed is predicted by the traditional empirical-statistic method and results are added to those by the physical-statistic integrated model. Using data throughout 1979-2010, the physical and empirical-statistic integrated model is trained and results of 2011-2016 are predicted for test, compared with that of the empirical-statistic integrated model. It shows that the new model has better prediction skill (9.5% improvements in prediction score and 75% in anomaly correlation coefficient) and relatively stable predicting results. More than that, the new model has some predictive ability for SCSSM rainfall distribution.
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图 1 南海夏季风准两年振荡及其相关的海气耦合过程
Fig. 1 Air-sea interactive physical processes related with the Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM)
图 2 2011—2016年南海区域夏季降水距平百分率实况与预测结果
Fig. 2 Summer precipitation anomaly percentages of the observed and the predictand over the South China Sea during 2011-2016
图 3 2012年南海区域夏季降水距平百分率预测结果
(a)集成经验统计模型预测的降水非年际分量，(b)集成物理统计模型预测的降水年际分量
Fig. 3 The predicted summer precipitation anomaly percentage over the South China Sea during 2012
(a)non-interannual component from empirical-statistic integrated model, (b)interannual component from physical-statistic integrated model
图 4 2011—2016年南海区域夏季降水
(a)年际(12~96月)分量与降水异常的空间相关系数(实线)，(b)平均振幅比(年际分量的区域平均方差与总方差之比), (c)PHEMS-INT模型预测结果的ACC检验
Fig. 4 The South China Sea summer precipitation in 2011-2016
(a)area correlation coefficients of summer precipitation anomaly and interannual component(12-96 months), (b)mean amplitude ratios(regional mean ratio of interannual variance to total one), (c)ACC test of predicted precipitation by PHEMS-INT model
表 1 南海夏季风物理统计预测模型的预测因子
Table 1 Predictive factors for the physical-statistic SCSSM predictive model
季节 准两年模态 4~5年模态 海洋大陆 热带西太平洋 澳大利亚季风区 Niño3.4区 西北太平洋 南海季风区 冬季
(12月—次年2月)海温异常 降水异常 海温异常 海温异常 海温异常 春季
(3—5月)海温异常
降水异常海温变率 海温异常 海温异常 
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表 2 南海夏季风预测模型的预测结果比较
Table 2 Comparison of SCSSM predictive models
检验方法 1982—2010年回报试验 2011—2016年独立样本检验 集成经验统计模型 集成物理-经验统计模型 集成经验统计模型 集成物理-经验统计模型 PS 90.72 79.63 74.27 81.3 ACC 0.75 0.40 0.28 0.49
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