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Impacts of the Regional North Polar Vortex Anomalies on Summer Precipitation of the Tarim River Basin
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摘要: 采用1961-2015年夏季大西洋-欧洲极涡面积指数和塔里木河流域43个站降水资料，研究该区域极涡面积异常对该流域降水的影响。结果表明：两者年际变化呈显著的反位相关系；在极涡面积异常偏小（大）年，西风急流在西亚和中亚减弱（增强），在东亚则相反；500 hPa欧洲中部和贝加尔湖地区的高压脊偏强（偏弱），东亚低压槽偏弱（偏强），中亚经向环流增强（减弱）；700 hPa塔里木河流域天气扰动活跃（不活跃），东风和西南风（西北风）的水汽输送增强，西部和北部等主要降水区水汽辐合（辐散），该流域降水偏多（偏少）。在极涡面积异常偏小年的夏季，塔里木河流域水平风场和垂直运动从高纬度到低纬度的经向变化分布与大西洋-欧洲区相似，大西洋-欧洲极涡区与塔里木河流域之间存在西北-东南的环流异常分布，大西洋-欧洲极涡面积异常可能通过该环流异常分布影响塔里木河流域及周边风场、水汽输送和垂直运动，进而影响到该流域降水。Abstract: With precipitation data of 43 stations in the Tarim River Basin and the polar vortex areas data in the Atlantic-European (polar vortex) in summer of 1961-2015, variation characteristics of the precipitation and the polar vortex, the correlation and impacts of north polar vortex anomaly on precipitation in the Basin are studied. The precipitation in the Basin has been increasing since 1961, while the polar vortex is decreasing, and a significant negative correlation is found. In negative (positive) polar vortex anomaly years, in the upper atmosphere layer, the significantly weaker (stronger) subtropical westerly jet in West Asia and Central Asia, while it is the opposite in East Asia (35°-45°N, 120°-160°E) and the Basin, where the high-middle latitude cold air and mid-low latitude warm wet air that enter the Tarim River Basin increase (decrease) and strengthen (weaken). In the middle layer, negative (positive) polar vortex anomaly may lead to stronger (weaker) Middle European ridge and the Baike Lake ridge, weaker (stronger) East Asia trough, increased (decreased) meridional circulation in the Central Asian, and converging (diverging) stream in this basin. In the low layer, negative (positive) polar vortex anomaly may lead to stronger (weaker) anomaly easterly and southwesterly (northwesterly and northeasterly), stronger (weaker) weather disturbance. More east vapor flux is found entering the Basin comparing to the west vapor flux outflowing away this Basin. Moreover, the southern and eastern vapor flux converging in the southwest borders, and the convergence of vapor flux are strengthened (weakened) in the main precipitation areas of the Basin, which all lead to the increasing (decreasing) of precipitation in the Tarim River Basin.In summer, the polar vortex anomalies in the Atlantic-European have impacts on the meridional wind, zonal wind and the vertical motion from the high latitude to the low latitude by the meridional correlations. In the meridional range of the Tarim River Basin, the meridional variation distributions of the meridional wind, zonal wind and the vertical motion are formed from high latitudes to low latitudes by the zonal correlation, which are similar to those of the Atlantic-European, and anomalies of the wind field and the water vapor transition are also triggered in the Basin and its adjacent areas, impacting the precipitation. Therefore, the north polar vortex anomalies could possibly have significant denotative meaning on the Tarim River Basin precipitation in summer.
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图 2 夏季塔里木河流域降水量和极涡面积指数标准化序列
Fig. 2 The normalized time series of the Tarim River Basin precipitation and the index of the north polar vortex area
图 3 夏季极涡面积异常偏大年(a)和偏小年(b)塔里木河流域降水量距平(单位：mm)
(阴影表示达到0.05显著性水平)
Fig. 3 Composites of the Tarim River Basin precipitation anomalies(unit: mm) according to years of larger area(a) and smaller area(b) of north polar vortex in summer
(the shaded denotes passing the test of 0.05 level)
图 4 夏季极涡面积异常偏大年(a)和异常偏小年(b) 200 hPa纬向风距平场及其多年平均场(c)(单位：m·s-1)
Fig. 4 Composite of 200 hPa zonal wind according to years of larger area(a) and smaller area(b) with the mean during 1961-2015(c) of the north polar vortex in summer(unit: m·s-1)
图 5 夏季极涡面积异常偏大年(a)和异常偏小年(b) 500 hPa高度场距平及其高度场(c)(单位：gpm)
Fig. 5 Composite of 500 hPa height according to years of larger area(a)and smaller area(b) with the mean during 1961-2015(c) of the north polar vortex in summer(unit: gpm)
图 6 夏季极涡面积异常偏大年(a)和异常偏小年(b)700 hPa扰动距平场及其多年平均场(c)(单位：m2·s-2)
Fig. 6 Composites of 700 hPa perturbation according to years of larger area(a) and smaller area(b) with the mean during 1961-2015(c) of the north polar vortex in summer(unit: m2·s-2)
图 7 夏季极涡面积异常偏大年(a)和异常偏小年(b) 700 hPa水汽通量距平场(矢量，单位: g/(hPa·cm·s))与水汽通量散度距平场(等值线为散度, 单位: g/(hPa·cm2·s)及700 hPa水汽通量多年平均场和水汽通量散度多年平均场(c)
Fig. 7 Composites of 700 hPa vapor flux anomaly (vector, unit: g/(hPa·cm·s)), divergence anomaly (contour, unit: g/(hPa·cm2·s)) and mean field according to years of larger area(a) and smaller area(b) with the mean during 1961-2015(c) of north polar vortex in summer
图 8 夏季极涡面积异常偏小年与异常偏大年大西洋—欧洲地区(30°W~60°E)(a)和塔里木河流域(74°~100°E)(b)平均纬向风差异场纬度-高度剖面图(单位：m·s-1)
Fig. 8 Latitude-height cross sections of mean zonal wind difference between years of smaller area and larger area of polar vortex in the Atlantic-Earopean(30°W-60°E)(a) and that in the Tarim River Basin(74°-100°E)(b) in summer(unit: m·s-1)
图 9 夏季大西洋—欧洲地区(30°W~60°E)(a)及塔里木河流域(74°~100°E)(b)极涡面积异常偏小年与异常偏大年平均经向风差异场纬度-高度剖面图(单位：m·s-1)
Fig. 9 Latitude-height cross sections of the mean meridional wind difference between years of smaller area and larger area of polar vortex in the Atlantic-European(30°W-60°E)(a) with that in the Tarim River Basin(74°-100°E)(b) in summer(unit: m·s-1)
图 10 夏季大西洋—欧洲地区(30°W~60°E)(a)及塔里木河流域(74°~100°E)(b)极涡异常偏小年与异常偏大年上升运动的平均差异场纬度-高度剖面图(单位：m·s-1)
Fig. 10 Latitude-pressure cross sections of the mean meridional upward motion difference between years of smaller area and larger area of polar vortex(a) in the Atlantic-European(30°W-60°E)(unit: m·s-1) with that in the Tarim River Basin(74°-100°E)(b) in summer(unit: Pa·s-1)
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