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Estimation of Crop Evapotranspiration Under Standard Conditions for Winter Wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain
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摘要: 作物最大可能蒸散考虑了作物及当地地表状况，为当地地表实际覆盖情况下实际蒸散的理论上限值，能客观分析作物对水分的需求程度和农业干旱状况。基于遥感（叶面积指数和地表反照率）数据和逐日气象数据，利用Penman-Monteith公式，计算黄淮海平原小麦种植区27个气象站冬小麦生育期2000-2015年逐日蒸散，提取得到冬小麦生育期逐日最大可能蒸散数据集，并分析其时空变化特征及成因。结果表明：与联合国粮农组织（FAO）单作物系数法计算的最大可能蒸散Ek对比，区域平均最大可能蒸散Ec的时间变化趋势与Ek一致，空间分布上Ec符合客观实际。黄淮海平原冬小麦全生育期、越冬期和返青-拔节期Ec均呈北低南高的分布特征，日平均值分别为1.99 mm，0.44 mm和2.75 mm；其余3个生育期（越冬前、抽穗期、乳熟-成熟期）在空间分布上差异不大，日平均值分别为1.23 mm，4.71 mm和3.74 mm。冬小麦不同生育期（含全生育期）Ec的空间分布主要受叶面积指数分布特征的影响，二者呈显著正相关关系。
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关键词:
- 冬小麦;
- 最大可能蒸散;
- Penman-Monteith公式;
- 叶面积指数;
- 地表反照率
Abstract: Crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions (Ec) is defined as the evapotranspiration from disease-free, well-fertilized crops grown in large fields, under optimum soil water conditions, and achieving full production under the given climatic conditions. The calculation of Ec considers crop and local surface conditions. Ec is the theoretical upper limit of actual evapotranspiration for actual local surface coverage, ensuring objective analysis on crop water requirements and agricultural drought. To summarize the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and their causes of Ec, daily Ec is calculated based on Penman-Monteith method using meteorological data and satellite remote sensing data from 2000 to 2015. The meteorological data are provided by 27 meteorological stations in the winter wheat growing area of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. The satellite remote sensing data are extracted from NASA MODIS products (LAI (MOD15A2) and Albedo (MCD43C3)) at the corresponding location of 27 meteorological stations. Ek is calculated based on single crop coefficient approach recommended by FAO. Results show that daily dynamic changes of Ec and Ek are consistent in the regional tie scale. However, compared with Ek, Ec has a spatial distribution corresponding to the objective reality. The growth period of winter wheat is divided into five stages:Before wintering stage, wintering stage, returning green-jointing stage, heading stage and milky maturity-maturity stage. With the spatial distribution characteristic of higher in the south and lower in the north, the average daily Ec in the whole winter wheat season, wintering stage and returning green-jointing stage is 1.95 mm, 0.46 mm and 2.74 mm, respectively. The average value of Ec is 1.23 mm before wintering stage, and the whole fluctuation of Ec in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plan is small. There is no significant fluctuation in Ec in heading stage and milky maturity-maturity stage except for the middle part of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. The average value of Ec is 4.71 mm and 3.72 mm in these two growth stages, respectively. In terms of spatial distribution, extremely significant positive correlation is shown between LAI and Ec in all growth periods. In wintering stage, returning green-jointing stage and milky maturity-maturity stage, Ec also shows a higher significant negative correlation with albedo. During the whole growth period of winter wheat, Ec has a higher partial correlation coefficient with LAI and water vapor pressure. These results can provide basic data for drought monitoring and wet or dry climate zoning in China, and also provide a new idea for the actual evapotranspiration estimation. -
图 1 黄淮海平原气象站及农业气象站分布
Fig. 1 The distribution of meteorological and agro-meteorological stations in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain
图 2 黄淮海平原(a)及不同纬度间隔(b)叶面积指数8 d变化
Fig. 2 Every 8-day dynamic changes of leaf area index in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(a) and different latitude intervals(b)
图 3 黄淮海平原(a)及不同纬度间隔(b)地表反照率逐日变化
Fig. 3 Daily dynamic changes of albedo in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(a) and different latitude intervals(b)
图 4 最大可能蒸散逐日变化
(a)黄淮海平原Ec和Ek, (b)不同纬度间隔Ec
Fig. 4 Daily dynamic changes of crop evapotranspiration
(a)Ec and Ek in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, (b)Ec in different latitude intervals
图 6 冬小麦全生育期最大可能蒸散(Ec)空间分布
Fig. 6 The spatial distribution of Ec in the growth period of winter wheat
图 7 冬小麦不同生育期日最大可能蒸散(Ec)空间分布
Fig. 7 The spatial distribution of daily Ec in different growth periods of winter wheat
表 1 冬小麦不同生育期初始日序
Table 1 The day of year (DOY) in different growth periods of winter wheat
范围 气象站数 播种期 越冬期 返青期 抽穗期 乳熟期 成熟期 [31.34°N, 34.00°N] 9 294 次年3 次年49 次年105 次年136 次年148 (34.00°N, 36.00°N] 6 287 359 次年49 次年111 次年142 次年153 (36.00°N, 38.00°N] 7 284 345 次年60 次年118 次年146 次年158 (38.00°N, 40.48°N] 5 277 340 次年67 次年125 次年150 次年161 
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表 2 冬小麦不同生育期最大可能蒸散Ec与遥感数据和气象因子的偏相关系数及检验结果
Table 2 The partial correlation and its significant test between annual average Ec and remote sensing data, meteorological factors in different growth periods of winter wheat
要素 生育期 越冬前 越冬期 返青-拔节期 抽穗期 乳熟-成熟期 全生育期 叶面积指数 0.841** 0.981** 0.931** 0.872** 0.947** 0.905** 地表反照率 0.172 -0.482* -0.506* -0.226 -0.410* -0.326 最高气温 0.636** 0.327 0.255 -0.058 0.674** 0.305 水汽压 0.186 -0.240 0.436* -0.407* -0.565** -0.571** 最低气温 0.529* 0.693** 0.444* 0.433* 0.378* 0.362 日照时数 -0.380* 0.150 0.126 0.015 0.714** 0.140 风速 0.205 -0.639** -0.356 0.018 -0.452* 0.071 注：**表示达到0.01的显著性水平，*表示达到0.1的显著性水平。
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