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Ice Cloud Distribution and Seasonal Migration over Land Area of China Based on MODIS Data
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摘要: 利用2011年11月-2016年10月Terra卫星MODIS（moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer）3级大气产品数据（MOD08_M3）对中国陆地区域冰云发生概率、有效粒子半径、光学厚度和冰水路径的水平分布与季节变化进行分析。结果表明：冰云特性的水平分布和季节变化特征与东亚季风和强对流天气的发生存在一定联系。近5年冰云发生概率呈上升趋势，季节性变化规律明显，高值区出现在青藏高原东北部；冰云有效粒子水平分布呈现由西南向东北逐渐增加的趋势，总体季节性变化特点不明显，但在纬度较高地区出现随季节变化特征；冰云光学厚度与冰水路径水平分布和季节变化趋势大致相同，呈东南向西北递减趋势，总体季节性变化明显。Abstract: Ice clouds have an important impact on the global climate, and ice cloud features vary with convection and weather system. Mid-latitude ice clouds originate from the convective cloud system and the atmospheric circulation in the atmosphere, but the understanding on the formation of ice crystals in clouds is still lacking. Non-spherical ice crystal particles have also posed a great challenge to the accurate calculation of the ice cloud in the climate model. Due to limitations of aircraft observation and remote sensing, the observation of ice clouds depends mainly on satellite remote sensing. Based on moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) cloud product level-3 data (MOD08_M3), the probability distribution of ice cloud, ice cloud optical thickness, ice cloud effective radius and ice water path over China from November 2011 to October 2016 are analyzed, and the distribution and seasonal migration are discussed. The horizontal distribution and trend of ice cloud attributes in different seasons are studied emphatically. Main conclusions are as follows. The occurrence probability of ice clouds is higher in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during winter, spring and autumn, mainly due to the warm and humid air raised by the northeast slope of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The occurrence probability of ice clouds in low latitudes in summer is related to monsoon and the intertropical convergence zone. The overall occurrence probability of ice clouds is on the rise, especially in the summer of 2016. The horizontal distribution of effective radius of ice cloud is increasing from southwest to northeast, mainly due to the difference of temperature distribution. Through the year, the effective low radius of the ice particles appears in the southwest region, and the high value appears in the northeastern region during the winter, spring and autumn, and appears in Xinjiang area during summer. The ice cloud effective particle radius is larger in high latitudes than in low latitudes, and the overall seasonal variation is not obvious. The horizontal distribution and seasonal changes of ice cloud thickness and ice water path are roughly the same, showing the downward trend from southeast to northwest. The large value of ice cloud optical thickness and ice water path are mainly in the southern region. The minimum value appears in the northern part of Xinjiang, which is mainly related to the air vapor content and the East Asian Monsoon. The ice cloud optical thickness and ice water path are larger in monsoon area than in non-monsoon zone. There is little difference in the distribution of ice thickness between ice age and ice water, and large value areas are in the southern region. Seasonal changes in northwest, northern and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau regions are relatively significant.
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图 2 2011年11月—2016年10月平均冰云发生概率四季水平分布
Fig. 2 Seasonal probability distribution of ice clouds from Nov 2011 to Oct 2016
图 3 2011年11月—2016年10月中国各地区冰云发生概率月平均趋势
Fig. 3 Occurrence probability trend of ice clouds in different regions of China from Nov 2011 to Oct 2016
图 4 2011年11月—2016年10月平均冰云有效粒子半径四季水平分布
Fig. 4 Seasonal distribution of ice clouds effective radius from Nov 2011 to Oct 2016
图 5 2011年11月—2016年10月中国各地区冰云有效粒子半径月平均趋势
Fig. 5 The effective radius trend of ice clouds in different regions of China from Nov 2011 to Oct 2016
图 6 2011年11月—2016年10月平均冰云光学厚度四季水平分布
Fig. 6 Seasonal distribution of ice clouds optical thickness from Nov 2011 to Oct 2016
图 7 2011年11月—2016年10月中国各地区冰云光学厚度月平均趋势
Fig. 7 The optical thickness trend of ice clouds in different regions of China from Nov 2011 to Oct 2016
图 8 2011年11月—2016年10月平均冰云冰水路径四季水平分布
Fig. 8 Seasonal distribution of ice water path from Nov 2011 to Oct 2016
图 9 2011年11月—2016年10月中国各地区冰水路径月平均趋势
Fig. 9 The ice water path trend in different regions of China from Nov 2011 to Oct 2016
表 1 中国各地区冰云发生概率季节平均(单位：%)
Table 1 The seasonal average of ice clouds in different regions of China(unit: %)
区域 冬季 春季 夏季 秋季 中国区域 21.1 28.2 35.3 23.4 西北地区 26.7 30.7 22.5 21.6 北方地区 23.5 29.2 31.0 23.6 青藏高原地区 16.1 29.4 37.0 16.5 西南地区 12.8 28.7 47.6 22.5 南方地区 11.9 27.3 47.5 23.3 
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表 2 中国各地区冰云有效粒子半径季节平均(单位:μm)
Table 2 The seasonal average of ice clouds effective radius in different regions of China(unit: μm)
区域 冬季 春季 夏季 秋季 中国区域 32.9 32.8 32.9 33.2 西北地区 33.6 32.8 35.5 33.8 北方地区 36.9 35.0 34.8 36.1 青藏高原地区 29.8 31.5 31.8 31.4 西南地区 27.9 29.4 28.8 29.9 南方地区 29.4 31.3 31.3 32.1
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表 3 中国各地区冰云光学厚度季节平均
Table 3 The seasonal average of ice clouds optical thickness in different regions of China
区域 冬季 春季 夏季 秋季 中国区域 11.2 10.9 14.1 12.7 西北地区 9.8 8.6 12.9 10.7 北方地区 8.6 9.8 14.0 12.6 青藏地区 9.4 11.1 13.7 11.3 西南地区 12.9 12.3 14.4 15.3 南方地区 16.8 17.2 16.2 17.1
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