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Meso-scale Characteristics of Typical Summer Short-time Strong Rainfall Events in Inner Mongolia
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摘要: 利用常规观测资料、NCEP FNL分析资料、FY-2D逐时云顶亮温(TBB)资料、内蒙古地区自动气象站资料和闪电定位资料, 对2012—2015年内蒙古夏季37例典型短时强降水事件进行分析。结果表明:冷锋云系尾部、涡旋云系和暖湿切变云系中发展的中尺度对流系统(MCS)是造成内蒙古短时强降水的直接影响系统, 短时强降水发生在MCS发展或成熟阶段, 而且位于TBB梯度密集区MCS移出区域靠近干冷空气侵入一侧。自动气象站观测到的中气旋、中低压以及中小尺度气旋式辐合风场和切变线诱发MCS发展, MCS发展到成熟阶段地闪密度达到最大值, 地闪密度值较高对应的MCS面积扩展率也较大。内蒙古西部和中部偏北地区短时强降水发生前3 h相对湿度达到60%~80%, 但其余地区相对湿度基本为80%~90%, 温度锋区浅薄冷空气是触发MCS发生发展的关键因素。Abstract: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is in the northern frontier of China, where characteristics of short-time strong rainfall events(STSRE) are spatially small-scale and abrupt, and it is easy to cause urban waterlogging and local floods.Especially, the STSRE below 20 mm per hour could cause disaster in the west of Inner Mongolia.In the forecast operation, it's found that the combination of wind field data, sea-level pressure of automatic weather stations, and lighting data could capture meso-micro scale information that triggers the development of the mesoscale convective system(MCS).Meso-scale characteristics near ground layer over MCS is related to STSRE, such as meso-cyclone or medium low pressure.Using conventional observations, global analysis data by National Centers for Environment Prediction(NCEP), black body temperature(TBB) data of FY-2D, automatic weather station data and lighting data of Inner Mongolia, 37 STSRE are analyzed from 2012 to 2015 in summer over Inner Mongolia.In west region of Inner Mongolia, synoptic scale patterns that cause STSRE are low vortex or low trough at 500 hPa, which interact with Indian vortex(Plateau vortex, Sichuan vortex or northwest vortex) at 700 hPa, and the Western Pacific subtropical high or typhoon.But in the east region, synoptic scale patterns that cause STSRE are either low vortex or low trough, or the interaction of low vortex or low trough with the Western Pacific subtropical high or typhoon.These synoptic patterns could both affect central region of Inner Mongolia.MCS occurs in the rear of cold front cloud system, vortex cloud system and warm-wet shear cloud system, is the direct inducement systems of STSRE.STSRE occur when MCS is developing and matured, and they appear in high TBB gradient areas where MCS moves out and cold air intrudes in.Meso-cyclone, meso-scale depression, meso-small scale cyclonic convergence wind field and mesoscale shear line are observed by automatic weather station trigger the evolution of MCS.The developing MCSs above the meso-cyclone are elliptical, while MCSs induced by shear line are mostly band shaped, and most MCSs that develop in the synoptic scale vortex cloud system are banded or irregular.Cloud-to-ground(CG) lightning flashes density value reaches the maximum when MCS is developing and matured.The high value of CG lightning intensity is in accordance with the region of development and strengthening of MCS, too.In the western and central northern regions of Inner Mongolia, 3 hours before STSRE, the relative humidity is normally 60%-80% but in other regions it is 80%-90%.The cold air in the low troposphere is critical for the development of MCS.
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图 1 700 hPa高度场(等值线, 单位:dagpm)和风场(风羽, 单位:m·s-1)及云顶TBB(填色)
(a)拐子湖, 2012年7月24日14:00, (b)满都拉, 2015年7月5日14:00,
(c)兴和, 2015年8月1日20:00, (d)乌兰浩特, 2015年8月6日02:00
(三角形代表短时强降水站点, 矩形框代表研究区域)Fig. 1 Geopotential height(the contour, unit:dagpm) and wind(the barb, unit:m·s-1) at 700 hPa with TBB(the shaded) of cloud top
(a)Guaizihu, at 1400 BT 24 Jul 2012, (b)Mandula, at 1400 BT 5 Jul 2015,
(c)Xinghe, at 2000 BT 1 Aug 2015, (d)Ulanhot, at 0200 BT 6 Aug 2015
(triangle represents the station of short-time strong rainfall events, rectangular represents the target region)
图 2 2015年8月5日20:00(a)、5日23:00(b)、6日01:00(c)海平面气压场(黑色等值线, 单位:hPa)、自动气象站风场(风羽, 单位:m·s-1)、TBB(填色)和1 h降水量(粉色等值线, 间隔10 mm, 单位:mm)
Fig. 2 Sea-level pressure(the black contour, unit:hPa), wind field by automatic stations(the barb, unit:m·s-1), TBB(the shaded) and 1 h precipitation(the pink contour, the interval is 10 mm, unit:mm) at 2000 BT 5 Aug(a), 2300 BT 5 Aug(b) and 0100 BT 6 Aug(c) in 2015
图 3 2015年8月5日20:00(a)、5日23:00(b)、6日01:00(c)地闪密度(填色)和1 h降水量(粉色等值线, 间隔10 mm, 单位:mm)(虚线矩形代表正负地闪研究区域)
Fig. 3 Cloud-to-ground lightning density(the shaded) and 1 h precipitation(the pink contour, the interval is 10 mm, unit:mm) at 2000 BT 5 Aug(a), 2300 BT 5 Aug(b) and 0100 BT 6 Aug(c) in 2015
(the dotted rectangle represents the target region of positive and negative cloud-to-ground lighting)
图 6 正、负地闪频次和1 h降水量
(a)乌兰浩特, 2015年8月5日18:00—6日06:00, (b)兴和, 2015年8月1日11:00—23:00
Fig. 6 The frequency of positive and negative cloud-to-ground lightning and 1 h precipitation
(a)at Ulanhot from 1800 BT 5 Aug to 0600 BT 6 Aug in 2015,
(b)at Xinghe from 1100 BT to 2300 BT on 1 Aug 2015
图 7 2014年7月15日15:00(a)、16:00(b)、17:00(c)海平面气压场(黑色等值线, 单位:hPa), 自动站风场(风羽, 单位:m·s-1), TBB(填色)和1 h降水量(粉色等值线, 间隔10 mm, 单位:mm)
Fig. 7 Sea-level pressure(the black contour, unit:hPa), wind field by automatic stations(the barb, unit:m·s-1), TBB(the shaded) and 1 h precipitation(the pink contour, the interval is 10 mm, unit:mm) at 1500 BT(a), 1600 BT(b), 1700 BT(c) on 15 Jul 2014
图 8 海平面气压场(黑色等值线, 单位:hPa)、自动气象站风场(风羽, 单位:m·s-1)、TBB(填色)和1 h降水量(粉色等值线, 间隔10 mm, 单位:mm)
(a)孪井滩, 2012年8月30日20:00, (b)呼和浩特, 2013年7月7日17:00,
(c)锡林浩特, 2015年6月22日18:00Fig. 8 Sea-level pressure(the black contour, unit:hPa), wind field at automatic stations(the barb, unit:m·s-1), TBB(the shaded) and 1 h precipitation(the pink contour, the interval is 10 mm, unit:mm)
(a)Luanjingtan, at 2000 BT 30 Aug 2012, (b)Huhhot, at 1700 BT 7 Jul 2013,
(c)Xilinhot, at 1800 BT 22 Jul 2015
图 9 强降水事件地面相对湿度(填色)和温度(灰色等值线, 单位:℃)及1 h降水量(粉色等值线, 间隔10 mm, 单位:mm)
Fig. 9 Relative humidity(the shaded) and temperature(the grey contour, unit:℃) at surface of strong rainfall cases and 1 h precipitation(the pink contour, the interval in 10 mm, unit:mm)
表 1 短时强降水事件
Table 1 Short-time strong rainfall cases
事件编号 时间 站点 降水强度/(mm·h-1) 天气系统 云系特征 1 2012-06-25T16:00 察哈尔右翼后旗 68.4 北槽南涡 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 2 2012-06-27T01:00 乌拉特后旗 42.4 北槽南涡和台风 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 3 2012-07-18T18:00 阿尔山 33.4 低槽和台风 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 4 2012-07-20T14:00 阿右旗 30.1 北槽南涡与副高和台风 涡旋云系中MCS 5 2012-07-24T18:00 拐子湖 21.6 北槽南涡与副高和台风 涡旋云系中MCS 6 2012-07-27T16:00和20:00 磴口乌审旗 46.342.8 北槽南涡与副高和台风 涡旋云系中MCS 7 2012-08-27T20:00 准格尔旗 37.2 北槽南涡与副高和台风 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 8 2012-08-30T20:00 孪井滩 25.3 北槽南涡 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 9 2013-06-27T04:00 扎鲁特旗 34.2 低槽 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 10 2013-06-29T18:00 扎赉特旗 46.3 低槽与副高和台风 涡旋云系中发展的MCS 11 2013-07-07T17:00 呼和浩特 41.6 北槽南涡和副高 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 12 2013-07-22T16:00 达茂旗 47.0 北槽南涡和副高 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 13 2013-07-27T15:00 海拉尔 33.8 低槽与副高和台风 涡旋云系中冷云区 14 2013-07-29T22:00 清水河 36.3 低槽和副高 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 15 2013-08-07T14:00 博克图 34.9 低涡与副高和台风 涡旋云系中MCS 16 2013-08-12T13:00 莫力达瓦旗 51.4 低涡与副高和台风 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 17 2013-08-22T04:00 阿左旗 21.0 北槽南涡与副高和台风 暖湿切变线云系中MCS 18 2014-06-08T18:00 阿荣旗 41.6 华北低涡 涡旋云系中MCS 19 2014-06-21T13:00 阿巴嘎旗 47.7 低涡 涡旋云系中MCS 20 2014-07-15T15:00—17:00 奈曼旗 39.9, 53.0, 32.9 低槽和副高 涡旋云系中MCS 21 2014-07-19T20:00 莫力达瓦旗 45.4 低涡与副高和台风 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 22 2014-08-02T16:00 科左后旗 41.8 低槽和台风 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 23 2014-08-09T16:00 多伦 56.6 北槽南涡和台风 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 24 2014-08-27T14:00 乌审召 32.7 低槽和副高 涡旋云系的MCS 25 2015-06-06T17:00 科右中旗 31.1 北槽南涡和副高 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 26 2015-06-22T18:00 锡林浩特 48.4 北槽南涡与副高和台风 暖湿切变云系中MCS 27 2015-07-05T16:00 满都拉 28.6 低槽与副高和台风 暖湿切变云系中MCS 28 2015-07-07T18:00 乌拉特中旗 27.1 低槽与副高和台风 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 29 2015-07-20T15:00 临河 15.7 北槽南涡与副高 涡旋云系中MCS 30 2015-07-20T20:00 白云鄂博 25.1 北槽南涡与副高 暖湿切变云系中MCS 31 2015-07-21T17:00 拐子湖 12.5 北槽南涡与副高和台风 暖湿切变云系中MCS 32 2015-07-22T13:00 莫力达瓦旗 49.3 低槽和副高 暖湿切变云系中MCS 33 2015-07-23T22:00 高力板 45.1 低槽和副高 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 34 2015-08-01T19:00 兴和 33.3 北槽南涡 锋面气旋云系尾部发展的MCS 35 2015-08-06T01:00 乌兰浩特 35.8 低涡与副高和台风 涡旋云系中MCS 36 2015-08-06T21:00 图里河 44.7 低涡与副高和台风 涡旋云系中MCS 37 2015-08-30T16:00 太仆寺 34.9 北槽南涡 涡旋云系中MCS 
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表 2 短时强降水事件主要观测信息
Table 2 Observation information of extreme precipitation cases
事件编号 MCS特征 TBB/℃ 最大地闪密度/h-1 风场 1 东西向带状 -52 10 切变线 2 东西向带状 -42 10 切变线 3 东西向带状 -52 50 切变线 4 不规则 -42 地闪不活跃 中气旋 5 圆形 -42 地闪不活跃 中气旋 6 椭圆形 -52 10 中气旋 7 东西向带状 -42 150 切变线 8 东西向带状 -42 地闪不活跃 切变线演变为中高压 9 圆形 -42 10 气旋性辐合风场 10 圆形 -42 10 气旋性辐合风场 11 东西向带状 -42 500 切变线演变为中高压 12 东西向带状 -32 50 切变线演变为中高压 13 不规则 -42 地闪不活跃 气旋性辐合风场 14 东西向带状 -42 50 切变线 15 东西向带状 -42 50 气旋性辐合风场 16 椭圆形 -52 10 切变线 17 椭圆形 -42 地闪不活跃 切变线 18 东西向带状 -52 地闪不活跃 气旋性辐合风场 19 不规则 -42 地闪不活跃 气旋性辐合风场演变为中高压 20 不规则 -52 10 气旋性辐合风场 21 椭圆形 -52 地闪不活跃 切变线 22 椭圆形 -42 10 切变线 23 不规则 -42 10 切变线 24 东西向带状 -42 500 切变线 25 东西向带状 -42 19 切变线 26 椭圆形 -52 地闪不活跃 中低压演变为中高压 27 南北向带状 -52 53 切变线 28 不规则 -42 地闪不活跃 切变线 29 不规则 -42 37 切变线 30 不规则 -42 315 切变线 31 东西向带状 -42 地闪不活跃 切变线 32 南北向带状 -52 地闪不活跃 切变线 33 椭圆形 -52 24 切变线 34 椭圆形 -62 916 中低压 35 椭圆形 -52 34 中气旋 36 东西向带状 -42 188 中气旋 37 椭圆形 -42 43 中气旋
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