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Effects of Low Temperature During Ear Differentiation Stage on Yield Components of Spring Maize
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摘要: 为探讨低温冷害对东北地区春玉米的影响，确定障碍型冷害对春玉米生育的影响程度，2015年以郑单958玉米品种为试验材料，利用人工气候室模拟低温（13℃，15℃，17℃）研究穗分化期（前期、中期、后期）春玉米产量构成因素和光合特性的影响。结果表明：春玉米在穗分化期受不同低温影响后，观测到的产量构成因素和光合特性的变化趋势相似；与对照相比，低温处理后，春玉米穗长和穗粒数显著减少、穗粒重显著降低，且温度越低，持续时间越长，影响越重；穗粗和百粒重变化不显著；穗分化前期低温对春玉米穗粒数影响最重，中期次之，后期较小；低温处理后春玉米叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率均显著降低；穗分化期春玉米遭受障碍型低温冷害造成穗粒数减少是减产的主要原因。研究结果可为春玉米障碍型低温冷害影响评估提供参考。Abstract: Low temperature and cold damage are the main agrometeorological disasters which affects the spring maize in Northeast China. The response of spring maize to low temperature and cold damage is investigated, and the influence level of the obstacle type of low temperature on spring maize breeding is confirmed. Selecting Zhengdan958 species of spring maize, artificial climate laboratory is used to simulate low temperature environment as 13℃(T1), 15℃(T2) and 17℃(T3), and effects of low temperature on yield components and photosynthetic rate in the ear differentiation stage(early stage, middle stage, late stage) of spring maize are studied. Results show that yield components and photosynthetic characteristics change with similar trends after being affected by different low temperatures during the ear differentiation stage. Compared with control check, there is no significant change in ear diameter and 100-grain weight under low temperature treatment, while the ear length and the kernel numbers per panicle decreased significantly, and the weight of the panicle also has a significantly reduction. Lower temperature and longer duration lead to heavier effects. Effects of low temperature during the early stage on the kernel numbers per panicle are the heaviest, lower during middle stage and the much weaker during late stage. During the early ear differentiation stage, compared with control check, the kernel numbers per panicle are reduced significantly by 28.5%, 28.4%, 16.5%, and the weight of the panicle decrease significantly by 31.5%, 29.4%, 21.1% under T1, T2 and T3 in three days. The kernel numbers per panicle are reduced significantly by 36%, 36.6%, 28.8%, and the weight of the panicle decrease significantly by 38%, 35.8%, 23.9% in five days. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate of leaves decrease significantly under low temperature. During the early ear differentiation stage, compared with control check, the net photosynthetic rate decrease by 36.2%, 26.5%, 24.4% under the treatment of T1, T2 and T3 in three days, and the net photosynthetic rate decrease by 63.8%, 53.3% and 47.1% in five days. The decrease of kernel numbers per panicle in spring maize caused by low temperature during the ear differentiation stage is the main cause of the yield reduction. One of the factors leading to the decrease of net photosynthetic rate is the restrictive effect of stoma of spring maize. Results above can be used as a reference for evaluating the impact of low temperature and cold damage on spring maize.
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图 1 试验期间低温处理与室外对照温度变化
Fig. 1 Hourly variation of temperature between treatment of low temperature(early, middle and late stages) and control check during the experiment
图 2 穗分化期低温对春玉米穗粒数的影响
Fig. 2 Effect of low temperature during ear differentiation stage on kernel number per panicle of spring maize
图 3 穗分化期低温对春玉米穗粒重的影响
Fig. 3 Effect of low temperature during ear differentiation stage on kernel weight per panicle of spring maize
表 1 人工气候室光照强度日变化
Table 1 Daily variation of illumination intensity of artificial chamber
时段 光照强度/lux 06:00—07:59 10000 08:00—08:59 14000 09:00—09:59 20000 10:00—10:59 26000 11:00—11:59 32000 12:00—12:59 36000 13:00—14:59 40000 15:00—15:59 32000 16:00—16:59 26000 17:00—17:59 18000 18:00—18:59 10000 19:00—次日05:59 0 
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表 2 穗分化前期低温对春玉米产量构成因素的影响
Table 2 Effect of low temperature during early stage of ear differentiation on yield components of spring maize
日数/d 处理 穗长/cm 穗粗/mm 穗粒数/粒 百粒重/g 穗粒重/g 3 对照 16.4±0.5 52.7±0.6 549.3±18.5 36.4±2.1 200.0±10.7 处理1 13.3±0.3 51.2±3.6 392.7±21.9 34.8±2.3 137.1±14.3 处理2 13.8±0.9 52.7±1.1 393.3±8.3 35.9±0.8 141.2±4.6 处理3 16.7±0.3 52.2±1.8 458.7±24.4 34.5±0.8 157.9±5.3 5 对照 16.4±0.5 52.7±0.6 549.3±18.5 36.4±2.1 200.0±10.7 处理1 11.3±1.2 51.7±1.4 351.3±1.2 35.3±3.0 124.0±10.2 处理2 11.6±1.0 51.7±1.7 348.0±12.0 36.9±2.3 128.5±8.8 处理3 13.7±0.6 52.7±2.3 391.0±41.0 35.7±2.1 152.3±20.0
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表 3 穗分化中期低温对春玉米产量构成因素的影响
Table 3 Effect of low temperature during middle stage of ear differentiation on yield components of spring maize
日数/d 处理 穗长/cm 穗粗/mm 穗粒数/粒 百粒重/g 穗粒重/g 3 对照 16.4±0.5 52.7±0.6 549.3±18.5 36.4±2.1 200.0±10.7 处理1 12.4±1.8 49.9±1.0 452.7±6.4 32.8±6.0 126.9±10.8 处理2 14.0±1.7 50.5±2.1 458.7±70.5 32.6±3.4 149.1±25.2 处理3 15.4±2.2 50.3±1.8 502.0±42.0 33.3±5.8 142.9±36.5 5 对照 16.4±0.5 52.7±0.6 549.3±18.5 36.4±2.1 200.0±10.7 处理1 12.8±2.5 49.8±0.5 373.3±64.7 33.3±1.1 124.3±21.4 处理2 12.7±1.9 48.9±3.6 391.3±63.0 32.0±2.1 125.0±18.7 处理3 15.3±0.6 51.7±0.7 500.0±38.2 32.7±1.8 163.0±3.2
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表 4 穗分化后期低温对春玉米产量构成因素的影响
Table 4 Effect of low temperature during late stage of ear differentiation on yield components of spring maize
日数/d 处理 穗长/cm 穗粗/mm 穗粒数/粒 百粒重/g 穗粒重/g 3 对照 16.4±0.5 52.7±0.6 549.3±18.5 36.4±2.1 200.0±10.7 处理1 14.9±1.0 49.2±1.0 388.7±65.2 34.9±5.1 133.6±6.1 处理2 15.5±1.0 50.8±0.8 504.7±49.6 32.8±1.9 150.2±33.5 处理3 15.0±0.5 50.5±1.5 528.0±57.7 32.3±4.8 170.0±26.0 5 对照 16.4±0.5 52.7±0.6 549.3±18.5 36.4±2.1 200.0±10.7 处理1 14.5±0.5 49.1±1.8 394.0±33.3 33.4±3.6 130.7±5.7 处理2 15.2±2.8 50.5±3.7 448.7±48.0 33.4±6.0 147.9±11.4 处理3 15.5±1.8 51.4±1.3 477.7±4.0 31.5±2.3 150.3±9.9
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表 5 穗分化期低温对春玉米光合特性的影响
Table 5 Effect of low temperature during ear differentiation stage on photosynthetic characteristics of spring maize
时期 日数/d 处理 Pn/(μmol·m-2 s-1) Gs/(mol·m-2 s-1) Ci/(μmol·mol-1) Tr(mmol·m-2 s-1) 前期 3 对照 26.71±0.10 0.22±0.0006 127.57±4.23 2.22±0.04 处理1 17.03±1.64 0.11±0.01 80.38±17.03 1.66±0.23 处理2 19.63±1.33 0.12±0.02 83.42±6.86 1.47±0.32 处理3 20.18±1.56 0.12±0.003 122.54±1.50 1.43±0.02 5 对照 33.16±0.12 0.22±0.0001 128.80±2.33 3.55±0.002 处理1 12.01±0.59 0.06±0.001 78.49±0.27 0.95±0.009 处理2 15.48±5.24 0.09±0.03 95.40±23.43 1.47±0.51 处理3 17.54±0.01 0.09±0.0003 96.29±1.11 1.45±0.004 中期 3 对照 34.13±1.99 0.42±0.17 140.28±55.13 6.45±1.57 处理1 11.72±2.31 0.06±0.007 61.27±9.0 0.85±0.98 处理2 14.16±1.87 0.07±0.008 64.70±10.81 1.16±0.11 处理3 16.09±2.27 0.08±0.01 139.72±19.23 1.61±0.17 5 对照 24.85±0.008 0.14±0.0002 148.03±0.38 2.35±0.002 处理1 9.32±0.73 0.06±0.0004 47.30±0.35 1.40±0.007 处理2 10.86±0.03 0.06±0.0001 51.72±0.95 1.39±0.003 处理3 12.56±0.08 0.06±0.0002 146.21±0.77 1.11±0.004 后期 3 对照 26.29±0.05 0.20±0.000 175.24±1.41 3.96±0.004 处理1 14.79±0.09 0.12±0.0001 84.29±0.09 2.34±0.004 处理2 16.74±0.02 0.12±0.0001 127.56±1.12 2.33±0.003 处理3 18.09±0.08 0.13±0.0001 134.08±0.07 2.48±0.002 5 对照 33.15±0.71 0.23±0.01 89.02±9.34 4.17±0.09 处理1 15.26±0.24 0.08±0.005 29.71±13.54 1.37±0.07 处理2 18.48±3.96 0.09±0.03 44.57±17.51 1.63±0.40 处理3 22.78±3.22 0.13±0.02 54.18±2.89 2.19±0.23
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