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Deviation Correction and Assimilation Experiment on L-band Radiosonde Humidity Data
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摘要: L波段探空仪观测资料是基础资料之一，无论在天气预报还是在数值天气预报中都起着重要作用，其资料质量直接影响数值模式同化分析及降水预报准确性。通过对我国3种常用的L波段探空仪观测湿度的偏差特性比较，研发适合该仪器的偏差订正方案，并在GRAPES同化系统中加以试验应用。结果表明：L波段探空仪湿度观测资料与ECMWF再分析湿度场比较有偏干现象。多种偏差订正方案订正结果显示：湿度偏差值比订正前减小，特别是在500 hPa以上层次减小明显。在GRAPES分析同化系统中使用Vomel偏差订正方案，分析偏差减小5%；预报模式个例和连续试验中湿度观测订正后预报降水更接近实况，预报降水检验评分显著提高，故该订正方案在实际应用中表现出积极的正效果。Abstract: The radiosonde observation of L band is a kind of conventional data, which plays an important role in weather forecast and numerical forecast. In recent years, with the progress of assimilation technology, the requirement of data precision also improves. It is found that more and more researches and operational forecasting centers are doing detailed classification and analysis for each type of instrument, even in each region and each season, according to the development of numerical forecast data assimilation technology. The method of humidity deviation correction takes the influence of observation pressure, temperature, solar altitude angle and other factors on the observation instrument into account and formulates a targeted deviation correction scheme to improve the data.Based on the analysis of humidity deviation and distribution characteristics of three kinds of L-band radiosonde instruments used in China, an effective correction method suitable for L-band radiosonde instruments in China has been developed and applied in GRAPES assimilation analysis. By improving the assimilation analysis and model prediction results, the observed humidity deviation of 3 kinds of instruments and results of continuous tests show as follows.Three main types of radiosonde instruments are used in China, among which Instrument 32 is most widely used, Instrument 31 and 33 are used at a dozen stations. The deviation of Instrument 32 is smaller than that of Instrument 31. The deviation of Instrument 33 is smaller when the humidity is greater than 60%, and greater than the others below the level of 400 hPa and the humidity is less than 60%.Compared with ECMWF reanalysis of humidity field, there is a dry phenomenon in L-band radiosonde humidity observation. Compared with the control test, the humidity deviation value of various deviation correction schemes is obviously reduced above the level of 500 hPa. The Vomel deviation correction scheme is used in GRAPES assimilation system, and the analytical deviation is reduced by 5%. After the humidity observation is revised, the forecast precipitation is closer to the actual situation, and the test score of forecast precipitation is improved significantly.Through the analysis and comparison of humidity observation deviations of several kinds of radiosonde instruments in China, the evaluation and understanding of the performance of these instruments are deepened, and the revised scheme suitable for radiosonde humidity deviation in China has been developed, which has achieved better application effect in the test. It lays the foundation for the better use of these data in practical applications, and makes an active attempt to better classifying sounding instruments.
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图 2 850 hPa背景场与探空偏差
(a)31号探空仪, (b) 32号探空仪, (c)33号探空仪
Fig. 2 Deviation between background field and radiosonding at 850 hPa
(a)Instrument 31, (b)Instrument 32, (c)Instrument 33
图 3 400 hPa背景场与探空偏差
(a)31号探空仪, (b)32号探空仪, (c)33号探空仪
Fig. 3 Deviation between background field and radiosonding at 400 hPa
(a)Instrument 31, (b)Instrument 32, (c)Instrument 33
图 4 250 hPa背景场与探空偏差
(a)31号探空仪, (b)32号探空仪, (c)33号探空仪
Fig. 4 Deviation between background field and radiosonding at 250 hPa
(a)Instrument 31, (b)Instrument 32, (c)Instrument 33
图 6 湿度订正结果和背景场偏差垂直分布
Fig. 6 Distribution of corrected radiosonding and background field deviations of five schemes
图 7 32号探空仪湿度订正结果与背景场的偏差垂直分布
Fig. 7 Distribution of corrected radiosonding and background field deviations for Instrument 32
图 8 2013年7月9日00：00 24 h降水实况和预报结果
(a)24 h降水实况，(b)采用方案1预报结果，(c)采用方案2和方案1预报结果之差，(d)采用方案2预报结果，(e)采用方案4和方案1预报结果之差，(f)采用方案4预报结果，(g)采用方案5和方案1预报结果之差，(h)采用方案5预报结果
Fig. 8 24 h rainfall of observation and forecast at 0000 UTC 9 Jul in 2013
(a)observation, (b)forecast of scheme 1, (c)forecast bias between scheme 2and scheme 1, (d)forecast of scheme 2, (e)forecast bias between scheme 4 and scheme 1, (f)forecast of scheme 4, (g)forecast bias between scheme 5 and scheme 1, (h)forecast of scheme 5
图 9 2013年7月10—19日降水预报检验
Fig. 9 Verification of the rainfall forecast over China from 10 Jul to 19 Jul in 2013
表 1 5种偏差订正方案
Table 1 Five bias correction schemes
方案 质量控制方案 内容说明 1 无 未订正 2 对湿度不小于60%的探空资料
采用分段线性函数订正400 hPa及以上层次加以订正 3 对湿度不小于60%的探空资料
采用分段线性函数订正所有层次订正 4 Vomel方案订正 400 hPa及以上层次订正 5 方案3基础上Vomel方案订正 400 hPa及以上层次采用Vomel方案订正 
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