Change of Dry and Wet Climate and Its Influence on Forest Fire in the Great Xing'an Mountains
-
摘要: 明确气候变化背景下大兴安岭林区气候干湿状况特征,揭示其对森林火灾的影响,可为该区域森林火灾管理和森林资源保护提供科学依据。基于大兴安岭林区1974—2016年标准化降水指数(SPI),采用统计分析和对比分析方法,系统研究不同干湿情景对森林火灾发生次数及过火面积的影响,并讨论不同等级干旱对其影响的异同性。结果表明:1974—2016年,年、季尺度上大兴安岭林区气候均呈湿润化趋势。森林火灾发生次数多(少)和过火面积大(小)与气候的干湿状况(等级)基本一致,但森林火灾的发生次数与气候干湿状况相关更为密切。年尺度上,SPI与火灾次数呈负相关,与过火面积的自然对数则呈较弱的负相关;季尺度上,各季节SPI与对应的林火次数和过火面积自然对数均呈显著的负相关,但与过火面积的相关程度差异较大,以春季相关最为显著,秋季次之,夏季则相对较弱;不同季节SPI与年林火次数和过火面积自然对数呈负相关,前一年冬季SPI对当年火灾次数的贡献最大。可见,气候干湿状况对森林火灾的影响存在明显的滞后效应。SPI不仅能较好地反映区域气候的干湿状况,亦能较好地指示森林火灾发生的可能性及发生火灾的过火面积的相对变化情况,可为森林火灾预测和管理提供科学依据。Abstract: It's of immense importance to understand characteristics of dry and wet climate condition change in forest region of the Great Xing'an Mountains, and reveal its influence on forest fire pattern, which can provide scientific basis for forest fire management and forest resource protection in this region. Based on standardized precipitation index(SPI) in the Great Xing'an Mountains from 1974 to 2016, using statistical analysis and comparative analysis method, effects of different dry and wet scenarios on the number of forest fires and burned areas are systematically analyzed. And similarities and differences of different drought grade effects on forest fires are discussed. From 1974 to 2016, The annual climate of the Great Xing'an Mountains in Heilongjiang shows wetting trends, with several obvious stages. The annual fluctuation of SPI in seasonal scale is larger, and all of them show wetting trends. The precipitation in summer plays a decisive role in the change of annual dry-wet climate conditions. The forest fire frequency and burned areas are basically accordant with the grade of dry and wet climate. However, the number of forest fires is more closely related to the dry and wet climate condition. On annual scale, SPI value is negatively correlated with the number of fires, reaching 0.05 significant level. However, SPI value shows a weak negative correlation with the natural logarithm of the total burned areas, not passing the significant test. On seasonal scale, there is a significant negative correlation of SPI to the number of forest fires and the natural logarithm of burned areas. But the seasonal difference is great, and it's most significant in spring, followed by autumn, and relatively weak in summer. SPI in different seasons is negatively correlated with the number of annual forest fires and the natural logarithm of burned areas. Dry and wet climate has effects on the forest fires in lag period, and it's found that SPI in the previous winter contributes most to the number of forest fires. SPI can not only better reflect dry and wet conditions of regional climate, but also indicate the possibility of forest fire and the relative change of burned areas well. It can provide a scientific basis for forest fire prediction and management.
-
表 1 SPI干湿等级
Table 1 Dry and wet grades for SPI
干湿等级 SPI 极端干旱 不大于-2.0 重度干旱 (-2.0, -1.5] 中等干旱 (-1.5, -1.0] 轻微干旱 (-1.0, -0.5) 正常 (-0.5, 0.5) 轻微湿润 [0.5, 1.0) 中等湿润 [1.0, 1.5) 重度湿润 [1.5, 2.0) 极端湿润 不小于2.0 表 2 年尺度SPI干湿分级
Table 2 Dry and wet classification results of annual SPI
干湿等级 1974—1986年 1987—2001年 2002—2016年 极端干旱 2005 重度干旱 1979 2002,2007 中等干旱 1974,1976,1986 轻微干旱 1994 2011,2014 正常 1975,1978,1980,1981,1983,1985 1987,1988,1989,1992,1995,1997,1999,2000,2001 2004,2006,2008,2010,2012,2016 轻微湿润 1977,1984 1990,1993,1996,1998 2015 中等湿润 2009 重度湿润 1982 1991 2003 极端湿润 2013 表 3 极端干旱(湿润)和重度干旱(湿润)年份对照表
Table 3 Extreme drought(wet) and severe drought(wet) year
年份 年 春季 夏季 秋季 冬季 1979 重度干旱 极端干旱 重度干旱 轻微湿润 正常 1982 重度湿润 轻微湿润 中等湿润 中等湿润 轻微干旱 1991 重度湿润 正常 重度湿润 正常 重度湿润 2002 重度干旱 轻微湿润 极端干旱 正常 中等干旱 2003 重度湿润 重度干旱 重度湿润 轻微湿润 重度湿润 2005 极端干旱 正常 极端干旱 轻微干旱 轻微湿润 2007 重度干旱 正常 中等干旱 中等干旱 重度干旱 2013 极端湿润 极端湿润 重度湿润 正常 正常 表 4 各季节林火次数、过火面积自然对数与SPI的相关系数
Table 4 Relationships of fire times and natural logarithm of burned areas to seasonal SPI
季节 林火次数 过火面积的自然对数 春季 -0.4932 -0.5464 夏季 -0.4604 -0.3489 秋季 -0.4509 -0.3997 表 5 不同干旱程度对应的年平均火灾次数及平均单次过火面积
Table 5 Annual average fire times and averaged single burned area corresponding to different drought degree
时间尺度 干旱等级 干旱年份数量 年平均火灾次数 平均单次过火面积/hm2 年 极端干旱 1 49 2306.26 重度干旱 3 57 377.02 中等干旱 3 55 1866.11 轻微干旱 3 14 1051.99 春季 极端干旱 2 30 786.31 重度干旱 2 31 11553.93 中等干旱 2 17 431.56 轻微干旱 6 16 26702.64 夏季 极端干旱 2 49 20.56 重度干旱 2 22 227.72 中等干旱 2 19 185.28 轻微干旱 5 13 38.15 秋季 极端干旱 3 7 1537.43 重度干旱 1 2 458.2 中等干旱 2 10 7838.84 轻微干旱 3 5 7562.57 表 6 干旱年份森林火灾次数和过火面积自然对数与各季节SPI的相关系数
Table 6 Relationships of fire times and natural logarithm of burned areas to seasonal SPI in drought years
春季 -0.5908* -0.0419 夏季 -0.2947 -0.3546 秋季 -0.1119 0.0095 前一年冬季 -0.6531** -0.2708 注:*表示达到0.1显著性水平,**表示达到0.05显著性水平。 -
[1] 孙力, 沈柏竹, 安刚.中国东北地区地表干湿状况的变化及趋势分析.应用气象学报, 2003, 14(5):542-552. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2003.05.004 [2] 王菱, 谢贤群, 李运生, 等.中国北方地区40年来湿润指数和气候干湿带界线的变化.地理研究, 2004, 23(1):45-54. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2004.01.006 [3] 胡琦, 董蓓, 潘学标, 等.1961-2014年中国干湿气候时空变化特征及成因分析.农业工程学报, 2017, 33(6):124-132. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/nygcxb201706016 [4] 苑全治, 吴绍洪, 戴尔阜, 等.1961-2015年中国气候干湿状况的时空分异.中国科学(地球科学), 2017, 47(11):1339-1348. http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=JDXK201711006&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ [5] 杨建平, 丁永建, 陈仁升, 等.近50年来中国干湿气候界线的10年际波动.地理学报, 2002, 57(6):655-661. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2002.06.004 [6] 马晓群, 张辉.近30年安徽省地表干湿时空变化及对农业影响.应用气象学报, 2007, 18(6):783-789. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2007.06.007 [7] 杨彬云, 吴荣军, 杨保东, 等.近40年河北省地表干燥度的时空变化.应用气象学报, 2009, 20(6):745-752. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2009.06.013 [8] 赵俊芳, 郭建平, 徐精文, 等.基于湿润指数的中国干湿状况变化趋势.农业工程学报, 2010, 26(8):18-24. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2010.08.003 [9] 李剑锋, 张强, 陈晓宏, 等.基于标准降水指标的新疆干旱特征演变.应用气象学报, 2012, 23(3):322-330. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.03.008 [10] 王建兵.仅40年甘南草原生命地带偏移趋势及干湿变化.应用气象学报, 2012, 23(5):604-608. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.05.011 [11] 胡子瑛, 周俊菊, 张利利, 等.中国北方气候干湿变化及干旱演变特征.生态学报, 2018, 38(6):1908-1919. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/stxb201806003 [12] Swetnam T W.Fire history and climate change in giant sequoia groves.Science, 1993, 262(5):885-889. doi: 10.1126-science.262.5135.885/ [13] Flannigan M D, Harrington J B.A study of the relation of meteorological variables to monthly provincial area burned by wildfire in Ganada (1953-80).J Applied Meteor, 1988, 27:441-452. doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0441:ASOTRO>2.0.CO;2 [14] Tania S, Thomas T V, William H R.The interaction of fire, fuels, and climate across Rocky Mountain forests.BioScience, 2004, 54(7):661-676. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0661:TIOFFA]2.0.CO;2 [15] Flannigan M D, Krawchuk M A, de Groot W J, et al.Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire.International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2009, 18:483-507. doi: 10.1071/WF08187 [16] 王茂新, 叶一舫, 张青山.大兴安岭特大森林火灾气象成因的分析.应用气象学报, 1990, 1(1):107-112. http://qikan.camscma.cn/jams/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=19900101&flag=1 [17] 贾丙瑞, 周广胜, 于文颖, 等.1972-2005年大兴安岭林区雷击火特征及其与干旱指数的关系.林业科学, 2011, 47(11):99-105. doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20111116 [18] 徐明超, 马文婷.干旱气候因子与森林火灾.冰川冻土, 2012, 34(3):603-608. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/bcdt201203013 [19] 任金鑫, 肖慧娟, 张超, 等.持续干旱对森林火灾的影响研究综述.内蒙古林业调查设计, 2013, 36(5):135-138. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-6993.2013.05.060 [20] Yang G, Di X Y, Zeng T, et al.Prediction of area burned under climatic change scenarios:A case study in Great Xing'an Mountains boreal forest.Journal of Forestry Research, 2010, 21(2):213-218. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=a5c1694e62ac71a829467c7ef6089eeb&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn [21] 陈隆勋, 邵永宁, 张清芬, 等.近四十年我国气候变化的初步分析.应用气象学报, 1991, 2(2):164-174. http://qikan.camscma.cn/jams/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=19910215&flag=1 [22] 邹旭恺, 张强.近半个世纪我国干旱变化的初步研究.应用气象学报, 2009, 19(6):679-687. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/yyqxxb200806007 [23] 张艳萍.黑龙江大兴安岭地区气候变化对森林火灾影响的研究.哈尔滨:东北林业大学, 2008. [24] McKee T B, Doesken N J, Kleist J.The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales.Amer Meteor Soc, 1993, 17(22):179-183. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/243785846_THE_RELATIONSHIP_OF_DROUGHT_FREQUENCY_AND_DURATION_TO_TIME_SCALES [25] 卢洪健, 莫兴国, 孟德娟, 等.气候变化背景下东北地区气象干旱的时空演变特征.地理科学, 2015, 35(8):1051-1059. http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dlkx201508016 [26] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 20481-2006:气象干旱等级.北京:中国标准出版社, 2006. [27] Mark S, Michael H, Deborah A W. Standardized Precipitation Index User Guide (WMO-No. 1090). WMO, 2012. [28] 王明洁, 王志成, 殷世平, 等.黑龙江省夏季林火与气象环境条件的相关分析.东北林业大学学报, 2008, 36(12):17-18;42. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5382.2008.12.007 [29] 倪长虹, 邸雪颖.黑龙江省大兴安岭雷击火发生规律.东北林业大学学报, 2009, 37(1):55-57;75. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5382.2009.01.020 [30] 杨光, 舒立福, 邸雪颖.气候变化背景下黑龙江大兴安岭林区夏季火险变化趋势.应用生态学报, 2012, 23(11):3157-3163. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/yystxb201211033 [31] 雷小利, 周广胜, 贾丙瑞, 等.大兴安岭地区森林雷击火与闪电的关系.应用生态学报, 2012, 23(7):1743-1750. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/yystxb201207002 [32] 苏立娟, 何友均, 陈绍志.1950-2010年中国森林火灾时空特征及风险分析.林业科学, 2015, 51(1):88-96. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-1126.2015.01.018