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Design and Initial Implementation of Array Weather Radar
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摘要: 阵列天气雷达是分布式、高度协同的相控阵天气雷达。阵列天气雷达至少包括3个相控阵收发子阵（简称收发子阵），通过增加收发子阵而扩大探测区域。每3个相邻的收发子阵一组协同扫描，保证3个相邻收发子阵在同一个空间点的数据时差小于2 s，从而保证径向速度合成正确的流场。采用相控阵多波束扫描技术，4个发射波束和64个接收波束覆盖0°~90°仰角，机械扫描覆盖360°方位，整个体扫时间为12 s，为多普勒天气雷达整个体扫时间的1/30。阵列天气雷达通过金属球进行了强度、波束宽度、方位、仰角的定标。阵列天气雷达在长沙机场布设试验，成功获取了精细的风场和回波强度数据，可为更精细、更完整揭示小尺度天气系统变化规律提供新工具。Abstract: With the development of phased array technology and networked radars, focusing on the requirement of small-scale weather fine detection, the array weather radar (AWR) is developed, which is a distributed and highly collaborative radar. The traditional Doppler weather radar can obtain radial velocity of cloud or precipitation targets. However, single radial velocity of a spatial point cannot reflect the movement information of precipitation and atmosphere. A multi-radar network can obtain a plurality of radial velocity values using a collaborative detection method, but disadvantages are that the time difference of the same single spatial point obtained by multiple radars is high, leading to composition error of the velocity or invalid observation.The AWR comprises at least three phased array transmit-receive subarrays (subarrays for short), and the detection region of the AWR can be enlarged by increasing the number of subarrays. The AWR employs a multi-beam phase array scanning technology, which has 4 transmission beams and 64 receiving beams covering an elevation angle between 0° and 90°. And meanwhile, a 360° azimuth is covered by mechanical scanning. One volume scanning time of the AWR is 12 s which are several tenths of the traditional Doppler weather radar. Each three adjacent subarrays work as a group, which performs collaborative scanning to ensure data time differences at the same spatial point from three adjacent subarrays are less than 2 s, and then correct flow fields can be synthesized by using radial velocity of the subarrays. This is a big progress in acquiring thermodynamic information and dynamic information of precipitation targets.One AWR consisting of three subarrays has been deployed at Changsha Airport and has acquired three-dimensional velocity and intensity (reflectivity factor) data, and more fine information of small-scale weather systems may be obtained by using data. There are still a lot of problems to be solved and a lot of works to be done in the field of the AWR technology and application.
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图 2 三收发子阵阵列天气雷达布局及探测示意图
(a)布局及探测范围，(b)三维精细探测空间
Fig. 2 Deployment diagram and spatial detection schematic diagram of AWR consisting of three transmit-receive subarrays
(a)deployment and detection range, (b)three-dimensional fine spatial detection
图 4 三维探测模式波束示意图
(a)发射波束，(b)接收波束
Fig. 4 Beam schematic diagram of a three-dimensional detection mode
(a)transmitting beam, (b)receiving beam
图 5 6个三维探测子区的扫描顺序示意图
Fig. 5 Scan sequence diagram of six three-dimensional detection subzones
图 7 架设在长沙机场铁塔上的子阵1
Fig. 7 No.1 subarray on the top of an iron tower at Changsha Airport
图 8 2018年4月22日15:22长沙机场阵列天气雷达探测并计算出不同高度风场(风羽)及降水回波强度(填色)
Fig. 8 Calculated wind field (the barb) and intensity of precipitation echo data (the shaded) acquired by the AWR deployed at Changsha Airport from 1000 m to 4000 m height at 1522 BT 22 Apr 2018
图 9 2018年5月20日18:20长沙机场阵列天气雷达子阵2在21°仰角探测的降水回波强度
(由中心到外层距离圈分别为3 km，10 km和20.28 km)
Fig. 9 Intensity data acquired by the 2nd subarray of the AWR with 21° elevation deployed at Changsha Airport during a rain process at 1820 BT 20 May 2018
(distance ranges from the center to outer circles are 3 km, 10 km and 20.28 km, respectively)
表 1 阵列天气雷达主要技术指标
Table 1 Main technical indicators of AWR
名称 主要技术指标 技术体制 全固态、全相参、一维相控阵、多普勒 工作频段 X波段 收发子阵间距 20~60 km 距离分辨率 50 m 方位分辨率 1.6° 俯仰分辨率 1.6° 强度 15~70 dBZ 速度 -32~32 m·s-1 谱宽 0~16 m·s-1 天线扫描方式及范围(方位) 0°~360°(机械扫描) 天线扫描方式及范围(俯仰) 0°~90°(电扫描) 强回波模式三维子区探测时间 2 s (方位60°，俯仰90°) 普通模式三维子区探测时间 12 s (方位360°，俯仰90°) 天线口径 1.2 m×1.2 m 发射峰值功率 不小于320 W 脉冲宽度 4，20 μs 噪声系数 3 dB 电源 单相，交流电220 V/50 Hz 连续工作 可24 h连续工作 环境要求(温度) 工作：-25~+50℃; 贮存：-40~+60℃ 质量 300 kg 
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表 2 分组同步扫描顺序
Table 2 Group synchronous scanning sequence
6个三维探测子区分组同步扫描收发子阵 10个三维探测子区分组同步扫描收发子阵 14个三维探测子区分组同步扫描收发子阵 A，B，C A，B，C；F，J，G A，B，C；F，J，G；E，D，K A，C，D A，C，D；F，E，H A，C，D；F，E，H A，D，E A，D，E；F，H，I A，D，E；F，H，I A，E，F A，E，F A，E，F；H，L，M A，F，G A，F，G A，F，G；E，L，H A，G，B A，G，B；F，I，J A，G，B；F，I，J；E，K，L
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