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Effects of Channel-induced Charge on Discharge Activity Characteristics
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摘要: 为探究闪电放电后电荷重置方案中异极性电荷植入法对雷暴云放电效应的影响，利用已有的三维雷暴云起放电模式，结合2011年8月12日发生在南京地区一次典型的雷暴个例，通过控制倍数改变闪电通道感应电荷量进行大量敏感性试验。模拟结果表明：闪电通道感应电荷量对空间电荷结构分布和云闪通道长度有明显影响。通道感应电荷量增加，即空间异极性电荷堆增多，加大空间电荷结构复杂程度；云闪通道在发展过程中难以穿越与自身极性相同的电荷堆，导致短通道云闪频次增加。通道感应电荷累积总量相同，不同闪电通道感应电荷量下云闪频次与通道电荷平均累积量呈负相关，即通道感应电荷平均累积量增大，云闪频次减少。而地闪频次、类型与通道感应电荷量相关性不明显。Abstract: In order to explore effects of different polarity charge implantation method on the discharge of thunderstorm clouds in the charge-replacement scheme after lightning discharge, a batch of sensitive experiments are implemented by changing the channel-induced charge to simulate a typical thunderstorm case in Nanjing, based on existing three-dimensional (3-D) thunderstorm cloud electrification and discharge patterns. Eeffects of thunderstorm cloud discharge are discussed from the perspective of space charge structure after discharge, lightning channel length, lightning frequency and type. Simulations show that the amount of induced charge by the lightning channel has a significant effect on the spatial charge structure distribution and the length of the intra-cloud flash channel. As the amount of induced charge in the channel increases, the number of lattice points where the polarity of the space charge is reversed before and after discharge increases, and the space charge structure becomes more complex, which in turn increases the intra-cloud flash with a shorter length of the lightning channel. The space charge structure is disordered, and it becomes more difficult for a wide range of identical-polar charge stacks to form during the development process. Meanwhile, it is also difficult for the lightning channel to pass through charge stack with the same polarity during the propagation process, and therefore the intra-cloud flash channel is limited to a pair of smaller heteropolar charge stacks. Eventually, the frequency of intra-cloud flashes that leads to shorter lightning channel lengths increases. The total amount of channel induced charge accumulation under different induction control multiples can be considered approximately the same within the error tolerance. The frequency of intra-cloud flashes is negatively correlated with the average cumulative amount of channel charges in different lightning channel induced charges:When the average cumulative amount of channel induced charges increases, the frequency of intra-cloud flashes will decrease. The change of the induced charge amount in the channel makes the charge distribution of the space charge region unbalanced. The frequency and type of the cloud-to-ground flash are affected by many factors, and the changing pattern is not obvious. Therefore, the channel-induced charge amount has little correlation with the frequency and type of cloud-to-ground flashes.
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图 1 模式采用的环境层结曲线(a)和垂直风廓线(b)
Fig. 1 Environmental stratification curve(a) and vertical wind profile(b)
图 2 不同感应控制倍数下空间电荷极性反转格点数随闪电次序变化趋势
Fig. 2 The variation trend of spatial charge polarity reversal lattice points with lightning order under different induction control multiples
图 3 不同感应控制倍数下t=21 min，y=42 km时电荷结构剖面
(水平横线代表 0℃，-13.8℃，-40℃等温线；粗黑线代表雷暴云轮廓)
Fig. 3 Cross-section of the charge structure when t=21 min, y=42 km
(isotherms of 0℃, -13.8℃, -40℃ are shown, thick black lines show the contour structure of the thundercloud)
图 4 云闪的通道感应电荷平均累积量、通道平均长度及闪电频次随时间变化
(a)云闪通道感应电荷平均累积量，(b)云闪通道平均长度，(c)云闪频次
Fig. 4 The average cumulative amount of channel-induced charge, mean channel length, and lightning frequency change over time in the intra-cloud flash
(a)the average cumulative amount of induced charges of the intra-cloud flash channel, (b)the average length of the intra-cloud flash channel, (c)the frequency of intra-cloud flash
图 5 不同感应控制倍数下先导长度对应的云闪发生率占总云闪发生率的百分比
(a)云闪通道长度在1~321个格点处，(b)云闪通道长度在1~42个格点处
Fig. 5 Ratio of intra-cloud flash of channel lengths to total intra-cloud flash under different induction control multiples
(a)channel lengths of the intra-cloud flash at 1-321 grid points, (b)channel lengths of the intra-cloud flash at 1-42 grid points
图 6 不同感应控制倍数下小范围通道长度随时间变化的触发高度
Fig. 6 Trigger height of small channel length varying with time under different induction control multiples
图 7 不同感应控制倍数下雷暴云发展初期(a)、成熟期(b)、消散期(c)的顶部屏蔽层、主正和主负及底部正电荷区电荷量
Fig. 7 Charge of the top shield, main positive and negative, and bottom positive charge in the early(a), mature(b), and dissipative(c) phases of thunderstorms at various induction control times
表 1 不同感应控制倍数下电荷平均累积量、云闪频次及通道感应电荷累积量
Table 1 The average charge accumulation, intra-cloud flash frequency and channel induced charge accumulation under different induction control multiples
感应控制倍数α 电荷平均累积量/C 云闪频次 通道感应电荷累积量/C 0.3 6.73 1041 6684.5 0.4 6.73 911 7454.1 0.5 10.50 747 8355.5 0.6 10.30 801 8320.1 0.7 11.16 774 8644.9 1 15.30 623 9567.9 
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表 2 不同感应控制倍数下总地闪及正、负地闪发生频次
Table 2 The total and the positive/negative ground flash frequency in different induction control multiples
感应控制倍数α 总地闪频次 正地闪频次 负地闪频次 0.3 194 58 136 0.4 158 102 56 0.5 139 93 46 0.6 153 96 57 0.7 160 47 113 1 117 40 77
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