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Lightning Location Algorithm Based on DBSCAN and Grid Search
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摘要: 定位精度是评价雷电定位网络的重要指标之一，定位算法直接影响雷电探测结果的精度。雷电监测系统探测数据误差不可避免，传统定位算法不具备抗误差干扰能力，迭代计算易发散，定位结果精度不高。为了满足实际应用需求，提出一种新的雷电定位算法DG-LLA（DBSCAN and grid-search lighting location algorithm），在定位计算中引入DBSCAN（density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise）方法与网格搜索方法。通过仿真与国家雷电监测网实际定位结果对比分析定位算法性能。结果表明：到达时间差（time difference of arrival，TDOA）法和Taylor级数展开法定位误差较大，仿真区域的均方根误差分别为982 m和668 m；定位中引入DBSCAN方法后，均方根误差明显减小为406 m，引入DBSCAN方法和网格搜索方法后，均方根误差减小为349 m；在相同回击数据条件下，算法DG-LLA与国家雷电监测网相比定位数量更多，回击数据的利用率从43.4%提升到51.5%，新增定位结果周围雷达回波特征较强，定位精度更高。Abstract: Lightning location system can monitor the time and location of lightning in real time, supporting disaster early warning and post-disaster treatment in meteorology, power, aerospace, forest fire prevention and other fields. The location algorithm directly affects the accuracy of lightning detection results. Traditional location algorithms may often fall into the local optimum and needs a large amount of calculation. The practical application is limited by the computer capability and the anti-error interference ability is poor. A new lightning location algorithm DG-LLA (DBSCAN and Grid-Search Lighting Location Algorithm) is proposed. The algorithm is verified by a lightning accident example and regional simulation, and then by locating historical data detected in the national lightning monitoring network. The performance of the new algorithm is compared and further analyzed from three aspects:Lightning frequency temporal distribution, lightning spatial distribution and regional spatial distribution.Simulation results of lightning example show that the location error of TDOA (time difference of arrival) method is the largest, reaching 1314 m. Taylor series expansion method is a classical iterative algorithm with an error of 881 m. The error of proposed DG-LLA algorithm is significantly reduced to 84 m. Examples of artificial lightning initiation show that the new algorithm DG-LLA is more accurate than the national lightning monitoring network, and the average location error is 32.2% lower than operational network. Lightning location algorithm based on adaptive DBSCAN and grid-search optimization can effectively identify noise data and enhance the ability of anti-error interference. Regional simulation result shows that TDOA method and Taylor series expansion method have large positioning errors, with the RMSE (root mean square error) of 982 m and 668 m, respectively. When DBSCAN is added to location, the RMSE is significantly reduced to 406 m. After DBSCAN and grid search are added, the RMSE is further reduced to 349 m. Lightning location algorithm based on adaptive DBSCAN and grid search optimization improves the local searching ability and global searching ability of space and overcomes shortcomings of traditional iterative algorithm, such as easy divergence and local optimum of optimization algorithm, and solve the lightning strike point stably and accurately, and it performances better than operational network. The utilization rate of return data increases from 43.4% to 51.5%. The radar echo around new locations has stronger characteristics and higher locating accuracy. It provides a new method for lightning location.
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Key words:
- lightning location;
- cluster analysis;
- DBSCAN;
- grid search
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图 3 不同方法定位误差分布对比
(a)TDOA法，(b)Taylor级数展开法，(c)DBSCAN，(d)DG-LLA
Fig. 3 Comparison of location error distribution
(a)TDOA method, (b)Taylor series expansion method, (c)DBSCAN, (d)DG-LLA
图 4 定位均方根误差与时间标准差关系曲线
Fig. 4 Root mean square error of lightning location and time standard deviation
图 5 2018年8月1日地闪次数分布对比
(a)正地闪，(b)负地闪
Fig. 5 Daily distribution of cloud-to-ground lightning on 1 Aug 2018
(a)positive cloud-to-ground lightning, (b)negative cloud-to-ground lightning
图 6 2018年8月1日正地闪空间分布对比
(a)国家雷电监测网，(b)DG-LLA
Fig. 6 Distribution of positive cloud-to-ground lightning on 1 Aug 2018
(a)national lightning monitoring network, (b)DG-LLA
图 7 2018年8月1日负地闪分布对比
(a)国家雷电监测网，(b)DG-LLA
Fig. 7 Distribution of negative cloud-to-ground lightning on 1 Aug 2018
(a)national lightning monitoring network, (b)DG-LLA
图 8 2018年8月1日09:00—16:00湖北地闪空间分布对比
Fig. 8 Distribution of cloud-to-ground lightning in Hubei during 0900-1600 BT 1 Aug 2018
图 9 2018年8月1日湖北地闪定位结果和雷达组合反射因子
Fig. 9 Cloud-to-ground lightning location results and radar combined reflectivity factor in Hubei on 1 Aug 2018
表 1 人工触发闪电回击定位结果对比
Table 1 Comparison of location results of artificially triggered lightning return stroke
闪电 到达时间/s 探测站大地坐标 国家雷电监测网 DG-LLA 定位结果 误差/m 定位结果 误差/m 1 0.0857547 23.183°N，114.288°E 23.640°N, 113.594°E 133.58 23.638°N, 113.596°E 66.79 0.0858466 24.670°N，113.608°E 0.0858582 23.630°N，112.435°E 0.0859659 22.275°N，113.567°E 2 0.6785874 23.630°N，112.435°E 23.637°N, 113.416°E 204.38 23.637°N, 113.563°E 156.69 0.6785959 23.183°N，114.288°E 0.6786434 24.670°N，113.608°E 0.6787589 22.275°N，113.567°E 0.6789672 24.423°N，111.508°E 3 0.4382787 23.1833°N，114.2880°E 23.640°N，113.595°E 122.45 23.638°N, 113.596°E 89.06 0.4383708 24.6704°N，113.6080°E 0.4383826 23.6304°N，112.4349°E 0.4384902 22.2750°N，113.5670°E 
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表 2 不同探测站数量的定位对比
Table 2 Comparison of location under different number of stations
探测站数量 国家雷电监测网 DG-LLA 定位
数量参与定位回击
数据数量定位结果与探测站
间的平均距离/km定位
数量参与定位回
击数据数量定位结果与探测站
的平均距离/km3站 26604 79812 159.66 37610 112830 148.26 4站 18594 74376 183.45 25275 101100 172.16 4站以上 60042 306210 271.21 69018 414108 242.23
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表 3 2018年8月1日湖北区域雷达组合反射率因子叠加对比
Table 3 Comparison of regional radar combination reflectivity factor in Hubei on 1 Aug 2018
时间 区域范围 组合反射率因子
平均值/dBZ定位结果次数 国家雷电监测网 DG-LLA 09：10 29°~30°N, 109°~110°E 19.8 4 8 10：40 29°~30°N, 110°~111°E 20.6 1 10 11：50 29°~30°N, 109°~110°E 15.2 7 16 14：20 29°~30°N, 113°~114°E 42.7 12 45 15：10 29°~30°N, 110°~111°E 26.5 6 23 15：40 29°~30°N, 110°~111°E 32.3 4 18
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