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Progresses of Weather Modification Technologies and Applications in China from 2008 to 2018
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摘要:
在抗旱、防雹、生态环境保护和重大活动气象保障等国家和地方重大需求的推动下，2008—2018年我国人工影响天气技术和应用得到快速发展。在气溶胶粒子、云（雾）物理垂直结构和降水形成机理等方面，开展了大量科学试验研究，取得了重要成果，建立了国家级人工影响天气实时业务数值预报模式，提高了对作业云特征和演变过程的预报能力，对作业方案的科学设计具有重要作用。在机载云粒子谱仪与成像仪、多通道微波辐射计、X波段偏振雷达、雨（雾）滴谱仪、先进火箭作业系统等核心关键技术装备的国产化研发方面也取得重要进展，研制成功国产机载云粒子测量系统、地基多通道微波辐射计和立体播撒火箭作业系统，并应用于业务，提高了作业条件监测识别和地基作业能力。建立了空中国王、新舟60等型号的先进飞机探测和作业平台，大幅度提高了作业飞行高度、续航时间和空中作业能力。在电离、飞秒激光、声波等人工增雨新技术领域开展了理论和实验探索研究，在飞秒激光诱导降雪机理实验和数值模拟等方面取得了重要进展。
Abstract:Important progresses of weather modification technologies and application are made from 2008 to 2018 in China due to the strong requirements from drought relief, hail suppression, bioenvironmental protection, and important activities support. Supported by both national and provincial projects, important field experiments and achievements have been made in aspects of aerosols, cloud and fog structure and precipitation formation mechanism. The national weather modification operational model is established and utilized in real-time operation, and it can greatly improve the forecasting ability of properties and evolution of target clouds and plays an important role in designing operational plan. Some key observational instruments and seeding instrumentation relevant to weather modification such as airborne cloud particles measuring system, multi-channel microwave radiometer, X-band polarized Doppler radar, fog monitor, and advanced cloud-seeding rocket are developed and applied, and this achievement greatly improve the surveillance and identification of seeding condition and seeding ability. Advanced weather modification aircraft based on King-Air 350ER and M-60 are refitted and applied to weather modification activities through national and local projects of engineering construction, which largely improve the operational flight height, navigation time and seeding ability. The new weather modification technologies, such as ionization, femtosecond laser and acoustic wave etc., are tested in laboratory experiment. Important progresses are made on the mechanism and numerical simulation of snow formation induced by femtosecond laser.There are still many aspects, such as effectiveness evaluation, the theory and observation in identification of suitable conditions for weather modification operation, needing improvement. The research and application of new theories, technologies and methods relevant to weather modification should be further strengthened. The cloud is the target for weather modification operation, however, the knowledge and treatment of clouds and precipitation in atmospheric community is still semi-quantitative. The non-repeatability of natural clouds and precipitation processes and limitation of current weather modification technologies cause the difficulty of repeatable experiment of weather modification, and many uncertainties for effectiveness evaluation. The present weather prediction primarily depends on numerical models, and the incomplete quantitative treatments of cloud physical processes in these models restrict the accurate prediction of clouds and precipitation, and the application of model results is also challenging. It is critical to improve the observation ability of cloud structure and precipitation formation processes. The current remote sensing technologies in the phase detection of cloud particles and cloud dynamics are very limited and greatly impede the improvement of weather modification.
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Key words:
- weather modification;
- technologies and applications;
- progresses
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图 1 通过人工影响天气重大工程项目建设的高性能探测和作业飞机(a)国产新舟60飞机，(b)美国空中国王350飞机
Fig. 1 Advanced weather modification aircraft established by national weather modification engineering construction projects (a)M-60 aircraft, (b)King-Air 350ER aircraft
图 2 国家重大科学仪器设备开发专项研制的机载云粒子谱仪与成像仪(a), 2018年6月2日在云南飞机观测中取得的雨滴和冰粒子融化图像(b)以及2018年9月27日山西观测的枝状冰粒子图像(c)
Fig. 2 Airborne cloud particle spectrum and imaging system established by National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project(a), raindrops and melted ice particles images obtained in Yunnan on 2 Jun 2018(b) and the dendritic ice crystals observed in Shanxi on 27 Sep 2018(c)
图 3 中国气象科学研究院与中国兵器科学研究院联合研制的X波段双偏振雷达系统对2011年6月25日甘肃平凉冰雹云垂直结构探测
(云中红色部分表示已形成正在下降的冰雹，黄色表示霰粒子形成区)
Fig. 3 The vertical structure of a hail cloud at Pingliang of Gansu on 25 Jun 2011 observed by X-band polarized Doppler radar system jointly developed by Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences and Ordnance Science and Research Academy of China
(red color denotes hailstone and yellow one denotes graupel in cloud)
图 4 中国气象科学研究院与中国兵器科学研究院联合研制的新型自动化火箭作业系统
Fig. 4 The new cloud-seeding rocket system jointly developed by Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences and Ordnance Science and Research Academy of China
图 5 在低温(-5℃)和高湿(90%)环境下，采用22 TW飞秒激光诱导降雪室内实验结果[37] (a)发射飞秒激光脉冲前，(b)发射飞秒激光脉冲后
(红色箭头表示激光脉冲发射方向，上部是激光诱导形成的气流变化, 低层白色部分是雪粒子堆积)
Fig. 5 Laboratory experiment of snow condensation induced by femtosecond laser with the temperature of -5℃ and relative humidity of 90% (from Reference [37]) (a)before the arrival of the laser, (b)after the arrival of the laser
(the red arrow is the direction of the laser pulse, the upper-layer is the wind turbulence and the low-layer white is the accumulative snow induced by laser pulse)
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