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Numerical Simulation on the Formation of Large-size Hailstones
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摘要: 利用可模拟冰雹尺度的三维冰雹分档对流云模式，研究了2014年7月16日北京一次大冰雹的形成过程。此次冰雹天气过程的地面降雹最大尺度为7 cm，对流有效位能为1785.3 J·kg-1，具有上干下湿的大气层结条件。数值模拟的冰雹云顶高度达13 km，与雷达观测比较一致，模拟的最大上升气流达30 m·s-1。由于风切变较大，冰雹云出现明显倾斜垂直结构，使冰雹云持续时间较长。此次大冰雹形成的微物理过程具有明显特点，冰雹云中-35~-10℃层存在含量达12~16 g·kg-1的高过冷雨水累积区，冰雹胚胎主要通过受到冰晶接触扰动的过冷雨滴冻结产生，其产生率量级达10-2 g·kg-1·s-1，冰雹增长过程主要依靠雹胚撞冻过冷云水，其增长率的量级与冰雹胚胎产生率的量级一致。Abstract: Although large-size hailstones may cause damages to agriculture, human life and properties, the formation mechanism of large-size hailstones has not been completely understood. In order to further understand the formation of large-size hailstones, the three-dimensional compressible non-hydrostatic hailstorm model with hail-bin microphysics that can simulate different sizes of hailstones developed by Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, is used to investigate the formation process of a heavy hailstorm in Beijing on 16 July 2014. The observed maximum diameter of hailstones on the ground is up to 7 cm. The convection effective potential energy is 1785.3 J·kg-1 and the moisture content is high in the lower layer and low in the upper layer, indicating that the atmosphere is strongly instable and is conducive to the formation of strong convection. The simulated hail cloud-top height is about 13 km, which is consistent with that observed by the S-band radar in Beijing. The simulated maximum updraft is up to 30 m·s-1, indicating that the hailstorm is strong and severe. Moreover, the storm has an obvious tilting dynamic structure due to the strong wind shear at middle and upper levels, which makes the separation of falling path of hailstones and raindrops from the main updraft and causes the long duration of hailstorm. The simulated microphysical process of the hailstorm has some obvious characteristics, one of the most prominent properties is that there is an accumulation zone of high supercooled rain water with 12-16 g·kg-1 located between -35℃—-10℃. The main process of embryos production for hailstones is the collision between cloud ice and supercooled raindrops, and the production rate may be up to 10-2 g·kg-1·s-1. And the hailstone growth process strongly depends on the accretion of supercooled cloud water by hailstones, and the growth rate is the same as that of production rate of embryos of hailstones. This research shows that the supercooled rainwater accumulation zone may exist in the formation process of large hailstones in Beijing. However, the model is not able to simulate the size of hailstones up to 7 cm, the simulated maximum sizes of hailstones are usually about 2-3 cm. Causes are not clear, one important cause might be related with the melting process of hailstones in the model, and the initial atmospheric field used in the model. The issue needs to be further clarified and the microphysical processes relevant to hailstones need to be improved in the future study.
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图 1 2014年7月16日北京地区冰雹云雷达回波组合反射率因子演变
Fig. 1 Radar echo evolutions for the hailstorm in Beijing on 16 Jul 2014
图 2 2014年7月16日回波垂直剖面分布(a)16:54观测, (b)第30分钟模拟回波强度(单位：dBZ，箭头表示u，w分量的合成矢量)
Fig. 2 Vertical distribution of radar reflectivity on 16 Jul 2014 (a)the observed at 1654 BT, (b)the simulated at the 30th minute (unit:dBZ, the arrow denotes the synthetic vector of u and w)
图 3 模拟区域地面最大小时降雨强度(Rrmax)和降雹强度(Rhmax)随时间变化
Fig. 3 The simulated maximum surface rainfall intensity (Rrmax) and the maximum hailfall intensity (Rhmax)
图 4 模拟的冰雹云中水平最大上升气流(红色实线)和下沉气流(蓝色虚线)速度(单位：m·s-1)(黑色实线为等温线)
Fig. 4 Temporal and height distributions of horizontal maximum updraft (the red solid line) and downdraft (the blue dashed line)(unit:m·s-1) (black solid lines for isotherm)
图 5 冰雹云中气流的垂直剖面
(黑色线条代表云体范围，填色表示上升和下沉气流，箭头表示u，w分量的合成矢量)
Fig. 5 Vertical distributions of updraft and downdraft
(the black line denotes cloud area, colored areas denote updraft and downdraft, the arrow denotes the synthetic vector of u and w)
图 6 模拟冰雹云中水平水凝物质量混合比(彩色等值线，单位：g·kg-1)的时间-高度分布(黑色等值线为等温线，单位：℃)
Fig. 6 Temporal and height distributions of the horizontal cloud hydrometeor mixing ratios (the colored line, unit:g·kg-1) of the simulated hailstorm (the black line denotes the isotherm, unit:℃)
图 7 模拟的冰雹云中水凝物质量混合比最大值随时间演变
Fig. 7 Temporary variations of maximum mixing ratios of hydrometeors
图 8 不同尺度霰与雹质量混合比(等值线，单位：g·kg-1)垂直分布随时间变化(填色为上升气流，箭头表示u，w分量的合成矢量)
Fig. 8 Evolutions of vertical distributions of graupel (hail-bin) mixing ratios (the contour, unit:g·kg-1) (the shaded denotes updraft, the arrow denotes synthetic vector of u and w)
图 9 模拟区域中不同尺度最大霰(雹)粒子质量混合比随时间变化
Fig. 9 Temporary variations of maximum graupel (hail-bin) mixing ratios
图 10 模拟区域内不同尺度最大霰(雹)粒子数量浓度随时间变化
Fig. 10 Temporary variations of graupel (hail-bin) quantitative concentration in the simulated domain
图 11 雹胚生成率(a)和冰雹增长率(b)随时间变化
Fig. 11 Temporary variations of embryos production rate(a) and growth rate of hailstones(b)
表 1 观测与模拟的冰雹云特征比较
Table 1 Characteristics of the observed and simulated hailstorms
特征参量 观测 模拟 云顶高度/km 14 13 云顶温度/℃ < -50 < -50 云底温度/℃ >20 >20 生命史/min >60 >60 最大回波强度/dBZ 65 >65 最大上升气流速度/(m·s-1) 30 最大降雨强度/(mm·h-1) 50 100 地面最大冰雹尺度/cm 3.5~7 >3.5 
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