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Aircraft Measurements of Aerosol Vertical Distributions and Its Activation Efficiency over the Pearl River Delta
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摘要: 2017年9月14—27日在珠江三角洲地区开展了6个架次飞机观测试验。利用飞行获取的气溶胶、云凝结核、云滴及常规气象探头观测资料，结合天气形势、气象条件及气团后向轨迹分析，研究了珠江三角洲地区深圳气溶胶数浓度及其谱的垂直分布特征，配合不同过饱和度条件下云凝结核浓度观测，分析了气溶胶活化特性。结果表明：在不同天气条件下，深圳低层气溶胶数浓度变化范围为500~9000 cm-3；边界层内气溶胶分布相对均匀，谱型随高度变化与气象条件相关。将6个架次气溶胶观测资料根据数浓度及谱型分为3种类型：类型Ⅰ为海洋型气溶胶，数浓度小，粒子尺度大，谱型呈双峰分布；类型Ⅲ为大陆型气溶胶，数浓度高，粒子尺度小，谱宽较宽且呈三峰分布；类型Ⅱ为海洋大陆影响型气溶胶，即受海洋和大陆共同影响，数浓度低于类型Ⅲ高于类型Ⅰ，谱型为双峰分布。拟合了包含海洋型及大陆型气溶胶的3个架次近地面云凝结核活化谱，计算了气溶胶在不同过饱和度条件下的活化效率。Abstract: Based on airborne observations over the Pearl River Delta from 6 flights during 14-27 September 2017, characteristics of low-level vertical distributions (below 3 km) of aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in northern and southern parts of Shenzhen (22 km) is studied. The vertical distribution of aerosol and CCN number concentration and aerosol number concentration spectrum are calculated and analyzed. The weather situation, meteorological conditions and air mass backward trajectory model are used to investigate the aerosol spatial features. Combined with CCN data under different supersaturations conditions, the activation characteristic of aerosol is obtained. Results show that low-level aerosol in Shenzhen varies from 500 to 9000 cm-3. About 50% sample points (≤ 1.5 km) of the aerosol average number concentration are lower than 1000 cm-3. As a coastal city, Shenzhen's aerosol concentration is lower than inland cities under some weather conditions, with a uniform aerosol distribution within the boundary layer. Three aerosol types in Shenzhen are summarized according to the main impacting factors, which is ocean (Ⅰ), land (Ⅲ) and combined ocean-land (Ⅱ). Comparing with type Ⅲ of aerosol, type I has less number concentration and larger size. The aerosol spectrum of pattern I is bimodal distribution, while type Ⅲ is trimodal distribution. The number concentration of type Ⅲ is highest and the particle size type Ⅲ is small. The number concentration of type Ⅱ is between the type Ⅰ and Ⅲ, with a bimodal distribution. Aerosol in northern Shenzhen is higher than that in southern, as northern Shenzhen closed to city cluster of the Pearl River Delta suffering more anthropogenic aerosol impact than that of southern Shenzhen. Activation spectrums of CCN are fitted by 3-flight data including clean and polluted aerosol patterns. Parameters C and k of the empirical function NCCN(S)=CSk are 695 and 0.65 under clean conditions (23 September 2017), and their counterparts under polluted conditions are 4108 and 1.11 (27 September 2017). The aerosol activation efficiency which is the ratio of number concentration between CCN and aerosol is calculated under different supersaturations conditions.
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图 2 2017年9月6个架次飞机观测深圳地区气溶胶数浓度及粒子半径垂直分布
Fig. 2 The vertical profile of number concentration and radius for six flights around Shenzhen Airport in Sep 2017
图 3 2017年9月6个架次飞机观测400 m, 1200 m和2000 m高度24 h后向轨迹
Fig. 3 24-hour backward tracks for six flights at 400 m, 1200 m and 2000 m heights in Sep 2017
图 4 2017年9月6个架次飞机观测深圳低空气溶胶数浓度谱垂直分布
Fig. 4 The low-level number concentration distribution for six flights around Shenzhen Airport in Sep 2017
图 5 2017年9月6个架次探测深圳机场近地面层(1.5 km高度以下)气溶胶数浓度谱特征
Fig. 5 The aerosol number concentration spectrum (below 1.5 km height) of six flights around Shenzhen Airport in Sep 2017
图 6 2017年9月深圳南、北部气溶胶数浓度垂直分布
Fig. 6 The vertical profile of aerosol number concentration of six flights in southern and northern parts of Shenzhen in Sep 2017
图 7 2017年9月6个架次飞机观测深圳南部、北部地面PM2.5质量浓度(a)和近地面(100 m)气溶胶数浓度(b)
Fig. 7 The surface PM2.5 mass concentration(a) and low-level (100 m) aerosol number concentration(b) for six flights in southern and northern parts of Shenzhen in Sep 2017
图 8 2017年9月深圳地区近地面100 m处CCN活化谱
Fig. 8 Activation spectrums of CCN in 100 m height in Shenzhen in Sep 2017
图 9 不同过饱和度条件下2017年9月深圳地区近地面100 m处气溶胶活化效率
Fig. 9 Ratio of number concentration between CCN and aerosol in different supersaturation in Shenzhen in Sep 2017
表 1 2017年9月飞机观测过程天气形势及地面气象条件
Table 1 Synoptic situation and surface weather condition for six flights in Sep 2017
飞行日期 垂直探测时间 天气形势 温度/℃ 风向 风速/(m·s-1) 相对湿度/% 09-14 13:34—13:45
17:27—17:33副高南侧，热带气旋北侧偏东气流 28.4 东风 5.1 66 09-18 12:05—12:13
14:04—14:11高空东北气流，地面弱高压后部 27.0 东东南 5.1 80 09-23 15:15—15:31
17:58—18:08副高西侧东南气流，地面低槽 27.2 东东南 5.1 87 09-24 11:52—12:21
13:59—14:05副高西侧东南气流，地面高压后部 25.0 东东南 11.8 92 09-26 13:28—13:44
15:22—15:28副高南侧偏东气流，地面弱低压场 25.0 东东南 1.5 89 09-27 11:25—11:31
13:07—13:18副高南侧偏东气流，地面弱脊控制 24.8 西南 1.0 94 
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表 2 2017年9月深圳近地层(1.5 km高度以下)气溶胶数浓度与半径的平均值及标准差
Table 2 Mean value and standard deviation of aerosol number concentration and its radius (below 1.5 km height) in Sep 2017
飞行日期 气溶胶数浓度/cm-3 有效半径/μm 体积半径/μm 09-14 2306±465 0.151±0.011 0.182±0.037 09-18 5807±1454 0.143±0.010 0.166±0.027 09-23 927±314 0.136±0.009 0.185±0.025 09-24 353±307 0.174±0.032 0.315±0.116 09-26 919±313 0.120±0.012 0.169±0.030 09-27 5352±3246 0.148±0.010 0.167±0.021
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表 3 拟合的CCN活化谱参数以及与其他观测的比较
Table 3 Comparison of parameters C and k for different continental atmospheric regimes
观测地点 时间 C/cm-3 k 类型 出处 澳大利亚帕克斯 1958年春 2000 0.4 大陆型 文献[39] 美国布法罗 3500 0.9 城市型 文献[40] 美国圣迭戈 1976年秋 2500 0.7 污染 文献[41] 巴西亚马逊 2002年秋 2220 1.28 污染 文献[42] 中国石家庄 2005—2007年 16821 0.71 污染 文献[43] 韩国济州岛 2006—2009年 4194 0.47 岛屿 文献[44] 中国内蒙古 2010年 1615 1.42 污染 文献[45] 中国黄山 2012年秋 8895 0.41 文献[46] 中国深圳 2017-09-18 3236 1.04 本文 中国深圳 2017-09-23 695 0.65 本文 中国深圳 2017-09-27 4108 1.11 本文
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