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Developing and Testing of an Expansion Cloud Chamber for Cloud Physics Research
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摘要: 膨胀云室可形成水汽、水面和冰面过饱和环境，是研究气溶胶粒子、人工影响天气冷暖催化剂核化过程和机理的重要实验设备。但长期以来，我国缺乏装备先进云雾粒子谱和图像测量系统的膨胀云室。2019年完成的我国自主研制的膨胀云室系统由云室主体、控制系统、通讯系统及环境和云雾测量系统4个子系统组成。该系统首次采用了国产云粒子谱仪和成像仪测量系统。测试结果表明：该云室具有良好的温度和压力控制能力，平均降温速率达到0.26℃·min-1，温度分布均匀，-40℃时舱内温差小于0.29℃；膨胀造雾过程4 min，雾可维持4 min，雾滴较小；可以实现从室温到-50℃低温环境的控制，具备压力膨胀成云雾模拟和微物理参数监测能力，解决了我国缺乏气溶胶粒子和暖云催化剂室内实验装备的状况，对验证暖云催化剂核化性能和提高暖云人工增雨科技水平有重要价值。Abstract: The expansion cloud chamber is an important equipment for the research on nucleation process and mechanism of aerosol and weather modification seeding agents. It provides experimental conditions, in which the vapor can transform to water or ice super saturated. But for a long time, expansion cloud chamber with advanced cloud particle spectrum and image measurement system is absent in China. A independently developed expansion cloud chamber is established recently to investigate cloud physical and chemical processes. It consists of cloud chamber equipment, environmental and cloud physics parameter measurement systems, data communication systems and control system.The cloud chamber system mainly includes an experimental reaction chamber and a pre-vacuum tank, and adopts the split design. They are connected through controllable valves. The inside capacity of the experimental reaction chamber and pre-vacuum tank are 1.5 m3 and 9 m3, respectively. The control target air pressure of the reaction chamber is 100 hPa, and that of the pre-vacuum tank is 30 hPa. The cloud chamber system is equipped with advanced measuring instruments, such as environmental parameter detectors, cloud particle spectrometer, the precipitation particle spectra instrument, cloud particle imager, visibility meter, aerosol particle spectrometer, high speed camera system, etc.It is the first time that the chamber system uses domestic cloud particle spectrometer and imager measurement system. Tests show that the cloud chamber system has good temperature and pressure controlling ability. The average cooling rate can reach 0.26℃·min-1 and temperature distribution in cloud chamber is uniform. In the chamber, the fog formed by expansion process lasts 4 minutes. The maximum concentration of fog droplets reaches 6.1 cm-3, the droplet spectrum range is 3-8 μm, and the average effective diameter is about 6.5 μm. At the same time, clear fog droplet images can be obtained by high speed camera. It can control the low-temperature environment from room temperature to -50℃, and achieve pressure expansion cloud simulation and microphysical parameter monitoring. The lack of indoor experimental equipment for aerosols and warm cloud seeding agents will be solved. It has important significance for verification of nuclear properties of warm cloud seeding agents and improving the technology of warm cloud precipitation enhancement.
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图 6 膨胀造雾形成雾滴分布特征
(a)雾滴谱，(b)数浓度及平均有效直径
Fig. 6 Fog droplet distribution characteristics formed by expansion process
(a)droplet spectrum, (b)droplet concentration and droplet size
表 1 膨胀云室主要技术参数
Table 1 Main parameters of the expanded cloud chamber
名称 预真空罐 反应舱 内容积/m3 9.6 1.5 目标气压/hPa 约30 约100 工作温度/℃ -40 
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表 2 云室降温速率(单位：℃·min-1)
Table 2 Cloud chamber cooling speed (unit:℃·min-1)
降温区间 T1 T2 平均 室温→10℃ 1.13 0.63 0.88 10℃→0℃ 0.50 0.43 0.47 0℃→-10℃ 0.40 0.41 0.41 -10℃→-20℃ 0.31 0.29 0.30 -20℃→-30℃ 0.22 0.22 0.22 -30℃→-40℃ 0.13 0.15 0.14
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