设为首页
加入收藏
Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Apple Drought in Northern China
-
摘要: 以我国北方苹果主产省为研究区域，基于研究区域内1981—2016年144个气象站点逐日气象数据，结合苹果生育期数据，以干旱指数作为苹果农业干旱指标，明确了研究区域内苹果干旱的空间分布特征及时间变化趋势，结合小波分析方法，揭示了北方苹果干旱发生的周期性规律。结果表明：苹果各生育阶段降水量整体呈由西北向东南增加的趋势，干旱指数空间分布特征呈由西北向东南降低的趋势，苹果花芽萌动-盛花生育阶段干旱程度最大。干旱指数近36年果树萌动-花芽萌动生育阶段呈上升趋势，平均为3.90/（10 a），花芽萌动-盛花、盛花-成熟以及成熟-落叶生育阶段均呈下降趋势，平均值分别为-3.14/（10 a），-0.01/（10 a）和-1.65/（10 a）。苹果不同生育阶段干旱存在3种不同尺度的变化周期，其中花芽萌动-盛花生育阶段发生干旱的周期最短，最小周期为2年。Abstract: Clarifying the spatial-temporal distribution and the periodic law of drought during different growth stages of apple in northern China can provide a scientific basis for disaster prevention and mitigation and high yield and quality. Based on daily meteorological data of 144 meteorological stations in north of China from 1981 to 2016, precipitation, water requirement, continuous no-precipitation days and the drought index during different growth stages of apple are calculated. Spatial distribution characteristics and temporal trends of apple drought in the study area are clarified. Finally, the periodic law of drought during different growth stages of apple in northern China is revealed with wavelet analysis. Results show that the spatial distribution of precipitation during different growth stages of apple is consistent with the spatial distribution of drought index. The precipitation exhibits an increasing trend from northwest to southeast during different growth stages. The precipitation during fruit tree sprouts to flower buds and flowering to maturity show a decreasing trend and the precipitation in stages from flower buds sprout to flower full bloom and from mature to fallen leaves exhibit an increasing trend from 1981 to 2016. The apple water requirement during stages from fruit tree sprouts to flower buds and from flower bud sprout to flower full bloom exhibit an increasing trend, while the other growing stages exhibit a decreasing trend from 1981 to 2016. High values for drought index are mainly distributed in Gansu, Ningxia, Hebei and Beijing. The drought index during the stage from fruit tree sprouts to flower buds shows an increasing trend, while during the other growth stages the drought index shows a decreasing trend from 1981 to 2016. There are three different scales of periodic variation for apple drought during different growth stages.Above all, areas with the most serious drought are mainly concentrated in Gansu, Ningxia, Hebei and Beijing. The drought is the most serious during the stage from flower bud sprout to flower full bloom, and the drought index during the growth stage from fruit tree sprouts to flower buds shows an increasing trend.
-
图 2 1981—2016年苹果各生育阶段降水量空间分布
(a)果树萌动-花芽萌动, (b)花芽萌动-盛花, (c)盛花-成熟, (d)成熟-落叶
Fig. 2 Distribution of precipitation during different growth stages of apple from 1981 to 2016
(a)from fruit tree sprouts to flower buds, (b)from flower bud sprout to flower full bloom, (c)from flower to maturity, (d)from mature to fallen leaves
图 3 1981—2016年苹果各生育阶段降水量变化趋势(单位:mm/(10 a))空间分布
(a)果树萌动-花芽萌动, (b)花芽萌动-盛花, (c)盛花-成熟, (d)成熟-落叶
Fig. 3 Distribution of trend for precipitation (unit:mm/(10 a)) during different growth stages of apple from 1981 to 2016
(a)from fruit tree sprouts to flower buds, (b)from flower bud sprout to flower full bloom, (c)from flower to maturity, (d)from mature to fallen leaves
图 4 1981—2016年苹果各生育阶段需水量空间分布
(a)果树萌动-花芽萌动, (b)花芽萌动-盛花, (c)盛花-成熟, (d)成熟-落叶
Fig. 4 Distribution of water requirement during different growth stages of apple from 1981 to 2016
(a)from fruit tree sprouts to flower buds, (b)from flower bud sprout to flower full bloom, (c)from flower to maturity, (d)from mature to fallen leaves
图 5 1981—2016年苹果各生育阶段需水量变化趋势(单位:mm/(10 a)空间分布
(a)果树萌动-花芽萌动, (b)花芽萌动-盛花, (c)盛花-成熟, (d)成熟-落叶
Fig. 5 Distribution of trend for water requirement (unit:mm/(10 a)) during different growth stages of apple from 1981 to 2016
(a)from fruit tree sprouts to flower buds, (b)from flower bud sprout to flower full bloom, (c)from flower to maturity, (d)from mature to fallen leaves
图 6 1981—2016年苹果各生育阶段干旱指数空间分布
(a)果树萌动-花芽萌动, (b)花芽萌动-盛花, (c)盛花-成熟, (d)成熟-落叶
Fig. 6 Distribution of drought index during different growth stages of apple from 1981 to 2016
(a)from fruit tree sprouts to flower buds, (b)from flower bud sprout to flower full bloom, (c)from flower to maturity, (d)from mature to fallen leaves
图 7 1981—2016年苹果各生育阶段干旱指数变化趋势(单位:(10 a)-1)空间分布
(a)果树萌动-花芽萌动, (b)花芽萌动-盛花, (c)盛花-成熟, (d)成熟-落叶
Fig. 7 Distribution of trend for drought index (unit:(10 a)-1) during different growth stages of apple from 1981 to 2016
(a)from fruit tree sprouts to flower buds, (b)from flower bud sprout to flower full bloom, (c)from flower to maturity, (d)from mature to fallen leaves
表 1 苹果不同生育阶段降水量、需水量、干旱指数变化趋势统计检验
Table 1 Statistics of the change trend of precipitation, water requirement, and drought index of apple during different growth stages
生育阶段 变化趋势 降水量 需水量 干旱指数 果树萌动-花芽萌动 显著上升 2 67 8 显著下降 3 0 1 花芽萌动-盛花 显著上升 5 24 3 显著下降 0 7 5 盛花-成熟 显著上升 0 32 0 显著下降 0 35 2 成熟-落叶 显著上升 19 14 0 显著下降 0 34 1 注:表中各数值表示达到0.05显著性水平的站点数。 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 1981—2016年苹果各生育阶段干旱发生周期
Table 2 The drought cycle of apple growth stages from 1981 to 2016
生育阶段 尺度 频率 周期/a 果树萌动-花芽萌动 2.09 0.39 3 4.5 0.18 6 8.36 0.1 10 花芽萌动-盛花 1.83 0.44 2 4.18 0.19 5 14.63 0.06 18 盛花-成熟 2.34 0.35 3 5.32 0.15 7 19.5 0.04 24 成熟-落叶 2.54 0.32 3 6.5 0.13 8 19.5 0.04 24
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 张聪颖, 畅倩, 霍学喜.中国苹果生产区域变迁分析.经济地理, 2018, 38(8):141-151. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/jjdl201808018 [2] 张彪.中国苹果产业近7年产量、加工和贸易状况分析.中国果树, 2018(4):106-108. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zhongggs201804031 [3] 霍学喜, 刘军第, 刘天军.2012年苹果产业发展趋势与政策建议.烟台果树, 2012(3):38-39. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/gjyyrdgsxx201201019 [4] IPCC.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2013. [5] 王玉洁, 周波涛, 任玉玉, 等.全球气候变化对我国气候安全影响的思考.应用气象学报, 2016, 27(6):750-758. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20160612 [6] 郭建平.农业气象灾害检测预测技术研究进展.应用气象学报, 2016, 27(5):620-630. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20160510 [7] 宋艳玲, 王建林, 田靳峰, 等.气象干旱指数在东北春玉米干旱监测中的改进.应用气象学报, 2019, 30(1):25-34. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190103 [8] 王志伟, 翟盘茂.中国北方近50年干旱变化特征.地理学报, 2003, 58(增刊I):61-68. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dlxb2003z1007 [9] 马柱国, 华丽娟, 任小波.中国近代北方极端干湿事件的演变规律.地理学报, 2003, 58(增刊I):69-74. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dlxb2003z1008 [10] 郭建平.气候变化对中国农业生产的影响研究进展.应用气象学报, 2015, 26(1):1-11. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20150101 [11] 邹旭凯, 张强.近半个世纪我国干旱变化的初步研究.应用气象学报, 2008, 19(6):679-687. http://qikan.camscma.cn/jamsweb/article/id/20080607 [12] 邱海军, 曹明明, 郝俊卿, 等.1990-2010年中国干旱灾情频率规模关系分析.地理科学, 2013, 33(5):576-580. [13] 谢五三, 王胜, 唐为安, 等.干旱指数在淮河流域的适应性对比.应用气象学报, 2014, 25(2):176-184. http://qikan.camscma.cn/jamsweb/article/id/20140207 [14] 赵海燕, 高歌, 张培群, 等.综合气象干旱指数修正及在西南海地区的适应性.应用气象学报, 2011, 22(6):698-705. http://qikan.camscma.cn/jamsweb/article/id/20110607 [15] 王密侠, 马成军, 蔡焕杰.农业干旱指标研究与进展.干旱地区农业研究, 1998, 16(3):119-124. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/jsysc201006059 [16] 袁文平, 周广胜.干旱指标的礼物分析与研究进展.地理科学进展, 2004, 19(6):982-991. [17] 王连喜, 孔坚文, 李琪, 等.中国北方地区几种农业气象灾害指标研究综述.地球科学进展, 2013, 28(6):627-636. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dqkxjz201306001 [18] 姚玉璧, 张存杰, 邓振镛, 等.气象、农业干旱指标综述.干旱地区农业研究, 2007, 25(1):185-189;211. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/ghdqnyyj200701039 [19] Hayes M J, Svoboda M D, Wilhite D A, et al.Monitoring the 1996 drought using the standardized precipitation index.Bull Amer Meteor Soc, 1999, 80(3):429-438. doi: 10.1175-1520-0477(1999)080-0429-MTDUTS-2.0.CO%3b2/ [20] 鞠笑生, 杨贤为, 陈丽娟, 等.我国单站旱涝指标确定和区域旱涝级别划分的研究.应用气象学报, 1997, 8(1):26-33. http://qikan.camscma.cn/jamsweb/article/id/19970104 [21] 郭兆夏, 王景红, 柏秦凤, 等.陕西苹果幼果期干旱风险评估及区划.农业灾害研究, 2013, 3(8):57-59. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/nyzhyj201308019 [22] 王景红, 张勇, 刘璐.基于多尺度标准化降水指数的陕西苹果主产区气象干旱分析.气象, 2013, 39(12):1656-1662. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/qx201312015 [23] 刘延莉.延安地区苹果北扩气候区划及干旱风险评估.南京:南京信息工程大学, 2014. [24] 马延庆, 徐志达, 刘长民, 等.陕西渭北旱塬苹果种植区域农田水分特征分析.干旱地区农业研究, 2009, 27(2):54-59. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/ghdqnyyj200902010 [25] 许彦平, 姚晓红, 袁雅萍, 等.农业气象灾害对甘肃天水苹果生产的影响.果树学报, 2009, 26(5):579-602. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=gskx200905002 [26] 曾健.陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区涌泉根灌苹果树耗水特征与灌溉制度研究.西安:西安理工大学, 2018. [27] 唐瑞, 何宝银, 张上宁, 等.基于水肥耦合效应的苹果精量灌溉制度研究.黑龙江水利, 2016, 2(10):6-12;23. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/sltd201610002 [28] 郭爱霞, 石晓昀, 王延秀, 等.干旱胁迫对3种苹果砧木叶片光合、叶绿体超微结构和抗氧化系统的影响.干旱地区农业研究, 2019, 37(1):178-186. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/ghdqnyyj201901025 [29] 陈修淼, 肖伟, 孙科鹏, 等.干旱胁迫下保水剂对苹果幼苗生长和氮素吸收分配的影响.植物生理学报, 2018, 54(9):1499-1506. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zwslxtx201809016 [30] 张聪颖, 畅倩, 霍学喜.中国苹果生产区域变迁分析.经济地理, 2018, 38(8):141-151. [31] 曾骧, 刘金铜.苹果与气象.北京:气象出版社, 1988. [32] 龚高法, 简慰民.我国植物物候期的地理分布.地理学报, 1983, 50(1):33-40. [33] Allen R G, Smith M, Perrier A, et al.An update for the definition of reference evaportranspiration.ICID Bull, 1994, 43(2):35-92. [34] 刘钰, Pereira L S, Teixeira J L, 等.参照腾发量的新定义及计算方法对比.水利学报, 1997, 28(6):27-33. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK199700497197 [35] 李天星.陕西苹果补灌效应及灌溉需水量空间分布规律研究.杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2016. [36] 吴霞, 王培娟, 陈鹏狮, 等.黄淮海平原冬小麦最大可能蒸散的估算.应用气象学报, 2017, 28(6):690-699. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20170605 [37] Allen R G, Luis S P, Rase D, et al.Crop Evapotranspiration Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements.Rome:FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, 1998. [38] 杨成明, 史学功.苹果树整形修剪中存在的问题及对策.烟台果树, 2003(1):11-12. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/nyyjs201515058 [39] 韩湘玲.农业气候学.太原:山西科学技术出版社, 1999. [40] 中国主要农作物需水量等值线图协作组.中国主要农作物需水量等值线图研究.北京:中国农业科技出版社, 1993. [41] 王旖旎, 杜鹃, 徐伟.辽宁省农业气象干旱灾情时空特征分析.国土与自然资源研究, 2019(2):85-91. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/gtyzrzyyj201902025 [42] 垄静.小波分析在电能质量检测中的应用研究.北京:机械工业出版社, 2018. [43] 王景红, 柏秦凤, 梁轶, 等.陕西苹果干旱指数研究及基于县域单元的苹果干旱风险分布.气象科技, 2014, 42(3):516-523. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/qxkj201403025 [44] 刘静.气候变暖背景下中国气候区划的变化.北京:中国气象科学研究院, 2014. -
计量
- 摘要浏览量: 5609
- HTML全文浏览量: 2340
- PDF下载量: 106
- 被引次数: 0
