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Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics of Nanjing in Summer of 2015-2017
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摘要: 利用2015—2017年夏季南京地区的雨滴谱数据，对南京在梅雨开始前、梅雨期及梅雨结束后3个不同时段降水的宏微观特征进行分析发现：梅雨开始前对流活动强度偏弱，但对流降水的雨滴平均质量加权直径、分钟级强降水频率和逐小时累积短时强降水的频率为3个时段中最高；天气尺度强迫提供的有利于降水的持续性条件、弱对流强度下充分的凝结过程及微物理相关过程对云粒子的损耗偏弱，是有利于该时段大雨滴形成和降水效率提高的重要因素。梅雨结束后，高温高湿环境易产生剧烈对流活动，导致对流降水的大尺度雨滴样本比例及分钟级极端降水发生频率位于3个时段的首位。层云降水时，梅雨期降水频率、降水率及雨滴尺度平均值均位于首位，小尺度雨滴样本比例最低；有利天气尺度强迫条件下的充分碰并作用是主要原因之一。不同时段雨滴谱谱形参数（μ）与斜率（Λ）之间的二项式关系式的差异与μ的取值有关。Abstract: It's of great significance to study features of raindrop size distribution (DSD) during different stages of the summer monsoon for understanding the precipitation mechanism, which is regarded as credible reference to improve and refine ainfall retrieval algorithms based on satellite and radar observations and the parameterization of microphysics scheme in numerical model. Characteristics of DSD during summer (June to August) of 2015-2017 are investigated using measurements from a ground-based disdrometer in Nanjing. Results show different micro and macro precipitation characteristics among three stages of summer monsoon. Precipitation before Meiyu is characterized by the highest (among the three stages) mean mass-weighted raindrop diameter, average minutely rainfall rate, and intense minutely and strong hourly rainfall occurrences. Despite generally weak convection intensity in this stage, the persistent support from large-scale synoptic conditions, sufficient condensation and the weakened influence from evaporation, breaking-up and entrainment processes are beneficial to produce large raindrops and improve precipitation efficiency. In contrast, precipitation after Meiyu is identified with the greatest frequency of large raindrop and extreme minutely rainfall occurrences. This is mainly caused by severe convective activities under hot and humid atmospheric conditions. Stronger convection is also associated with higher frequency of smaller raindrops. In pace with the northward advancement of the summer monsoon, the convection intensity enhances gradually and breaking-up processes of raindrops heighten as well, which lead to higher ratio of small-raindrop samples with the largest value during the stage after Meiyu. From many aspects of these raindrop and rainfall characteristics, convective precipitation during Meiyu is inferior comparing to that in the other two stages. However, rainfall rates are highest and raindrops are largest during stratiform precipitation due to sufficient coalescence processes under favorable synoptic forcing conditions. The concentration of small raindrops is usually high but the ratio of small raindrops is the lowest in this stage. Among three stages, the binomial relationship between the shape index and slope parameter also differ significantly, depending on the value of the shape index. Compared with Meiyu of 2009-2011, the frequency of intense rainfall occurrence and its contribution to total precipitation decrease while those for weak rainfall increase in terms of both minutely and hourly rainfall. Simultaneously, the binomial relationship of the shape index and slope parameter changes significantly as well.
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图 1 不同时段分钟级对流降水的频率和对总降水贡献
(以0.083 mm·min-1为间隔进行统计)
Fig. 1 Minute convective rainfall frequency and the contribution to the total precipitation in different stages
(calculated at 0.083 mm·min-1 interval)
图 2 不同时段小时累积降水的频率分布
(以2 mm为间隔进行统计)
Fig. 2 Hourly rainfall frequency in different stages
(at 2 mm interval)
图 3 不同时段降水的平均谱和拟合谱
(圆圈表示观测平均, 实线表示拟合)(a)对流降水, (b)层云降水
Fig. 3 Composite raindrop spectras of the averaged and the fitting in different stages
(the circle denotes the averaged measurement, the line denotes the fitting)(a)convective rainfall, (b)stratiform rainfall
图 4 不同时段Dm的频率分布
(Dm以0.2 mm为间隔) (a)对流降水, (b)层云降水
Fig. 4 Frequency distribution of Dm in different stages
(calculated at 0.2 mm interval) (a)convective rainfall, (b)stratiform rainfall
图 5 夏季不同类型降水的平均lgNw-Dm分布
Fig. 5 Scatter plot of lgNw versus Dm for convective rainfall and stratiform rainfall
表 1 梅雨期不同强度分钟级降水发生频率和对总降水贡献
Table 1 Minute rainfall frequency and the contribution to the total precipitation of different rain intensity during Meiyu period
年份 降水频率/% 降水贡献/% 弱降水 中等降水 强降水 弱降水 中等降水 强降水 2009—2011 75.00 11.00 14.00 24.00 15.00 61.00 2015—2017 84.28 8.42 7.30 28.30 16.11 55.59 注:弱降水、中等降水和强降水分别对应R < 0.083 mm·min-1, 0.083 mm·min-1≤R < 0.17 mm·min-1, R≥0.17 mm·min-1。 
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表 2 梅雨期不同强度小时累积降水的发生频率和对总降水贡献
Table 2 Hourly accumulated rainfall frequency and the contribution to the total precipitation of different rain intensity during Meiyu period
年份 降水频率/% 降水贡献/% 弱降水 中等降水 强降水 弱降水 中等降水 强降水 2009—2011 82.1 11.73 6.2 25.5 32.3 42.2 2015—2017 85.9 11.08 3.0 38.8 35.4 25.9 注:弱降水、中等降水和强降水分别对应小时累积降水量小于5 mm, 大于等于5 mm且小于15 mm, 大于等于15 mm。
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表 3 不同时段样本的分钟级降水统计参数
Table 3 Statistic parameters of minute rainfall in different stages
时段 降水类型 样本量 样本比例/% 平均降水率/ (mm·min-1) 累积降水量/mm 降水贡献/% 梅雨开始前 对流降水 1430 23.65 0.417 595.93 87.96 层云降水 1948 32.22 0.0258 50.41 7.44 梅雨期 对流降水 2088 13.54 0.301 628.16 67.92 层云降水 6585 42.70 0.0318 209.94 22.70 梅雨结束后 对流降水 1552 16.53 0.415 644.32 82.49 层云降水 3362 35.82 0.0247 83.15 10.65
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表 4 不同时段Dm和lgNw平均值、标准差、偏度
Table 4 The mean value, standard deviation and skewness of Dm and lgNw in different stages
雨滴特征 降水类型 统计参数 梅雨开始前 梅雨期 梅雨结束后 夏季平均 Dm/mm 对流降水 平均值 1.92 1.76 1.84 1.83 标准差 0.47 0.50 0.66 0.55 偏度 1.68 2.97 1.6 2.06 层云降水 平均值 1.26 1.30 1.21 1.27 标准差 0.39 0.31 0.38 0.35 偏度 1.02 0.44 0.66 0.59 lgNw/(m-3·mm-1) 对流降水 平均值 3.73 3.79 3.84 3.79 标准差 0.32 0.37 0.48 0.40 偏度 -1.77 -1.45 -0.60 -0.96 层云降水 平均值 3.49 3.46 3.56 3.49 标准差 0.55 0.47 0.67 0.55 偏度 0.33 0.39 0.14 0.34
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表 5 各参数夏季平均值、标准差以及与相似文献的比较
Table 5 Comparison in mean value and standard deviation of rainfall parameters among references
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表 6 不同时段μ和Λ平均值、标准差
Table 6 The mean value, standard deviation of μ and Λ from different stages
雨滴参数 降水类型 统计参数 梅雨开始前 梅雨期 梅雨结束后 夏季平均 μ 对流降水 平均值 2.24 3.09 4.36 3.24 标准差 8.40 4.79 6.27 6.49 层云降水 平均值 4.02 3.91 5.5 4.38 标准差 5.68 5.81 6.82 6.13 Λ/mm-1 对流降水 平均值 3.23 4.29 4.96 4.2 标准差 2.29 3.13 4.7 3.56 层云降水 平均值 7.36 6.55 9.21 7.43 标准差 7.45 5.87 9.48 7.41
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