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Advances of Observation and Study on Tall-object Lightning in Guangzhou over the Last Decade
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摘要: 作为中国气象局雷电野外科学试验基地(CMA_FEBLS)的重要组成部分，广州高建筑物雷电观测站(TOLOG)始建于2009年，迄今已积累数百次高建筑物雷电资料。对于雷电连接过程，高建筑物会起到“放大镜”的作用：TOLOG的观测在国际上首次发现了连接过程中负-正先导之间“头部-侧面”连接的现象，给出了先导连接行为的两种基本形态；揭示了负先导梯级发展过程的精细化结构，给出了下行先导和上行先导的二维/三维发展特征；估算了不同高度建筑物上雷电的闪击距离。高建筑物对雷电电磁场具有“放大器”的作用，且建筑物越高增强效应越显著。高建筑物是下行和上行闪电的“汇集点”：对下行闪电的吸引作用可保护高建筑物附近的其他物体免遭雷击；正地闪的回击、延续电流和云内放电过程均可在高建筑物上触发负极性上行闪电。另外，高建筑物区域可作为闪电监测系统的“标校场”，TOLOG的观测资料在地闪定位系统探测效率和定位精度的评估方面也得到了应用。Abstract: Comparing to the ground or low-object, tall-object is more likely to reach the threshold for the initiation of leader on its top due to the distortion and enhancement of electric field, therefore tall-object is not only easier to get struck by downward lightning, but also can initiate upward lightning. A field experiment, mainly focusing on the observation of lightning flashes terminating on tall structures, has been conducted since 2009 at the Tall-Object Lightning Observatory in Guangzhou (TOLOG), which is the important part of the Field Experiment Base on Lightning Sciences, China Meteorological Administration (CMA_FEBLS). Hundreds of tall-object lightning flashes have been captured during 2009-2018.For the lightning attachment process, tall-object will play the role of "magnifier":The TOLOG high-speed optical observation discovers the connection of the downward negative leader to the lateral surface of the upward connecting leader for the first time, and shows two basic types of the leader connection behaviors during the attachment process in negative cloud-to-ground lightning; the fine structure of negative stepped leader in natural lightning at close distance is revealed by using high-speed video records; the 2D/3D propagation characteristics of downward and upward leaders are analyzed; and the striking distances of lightning flashes to tall-object with different heights are also estimated.Tall-object plays an "amplifier" role on lightning electromagnetic field:Statistical analysis of the TOLOG data show that the magnetic field peak values induced by the first return stroke of lightning flashes to objects higher than 200 m is 2.4 times of that of lightning flashes to objects lower than 200 m; the higher the tall-object is, the larger the lightning location system inferred peak current of strokes are recorded in the vicinity of the tall-object; and the numberical simulation of the tall-object on electromagnetic field of lightning return stroke also show that the height of tall-object has significant enhancing effects.Tall-object is the "hot spot" of downward and upward lightning:Attraction effects of tall-object on downward lightning can protect other objects near tall-object from lightning strikes; the upward negative lightning from the tall-object can be triggered by the return stroke, the continuing current or the discharging process in cloud of positive cloud-to-ground lightning; and in upward lightning, abrupt extension is found at the positive end of the recoil leader which propagates bidirectionally.Using data of the TOLOG, the detection efficiency, the location error and the systematic bias of lightning location systems in Guangdong are evaluated, showing that the observation area of the TOLOG can be used as a "calibration field" for ground-based or space-based lightning monitoring system.
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Key words:
- tall-object;
- downward lightning;
- upward lightning;
- leader;
- attachment process
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图 1 TOLOG主观测点的观测室(拍摄于2018年7月13日)
Fig. 1 The observation room at the TOLOG main station (taken on 13 Jul 2018)
图 4 先导之间侧击连接现象的图像示例(图中箭头指示连接点位置，图 4a~图 4e经反相处理以提升可视效果)
(a)F1103，(b)F1243，(c)F1248，(d)F1258，(e)F1422，(f)F1443
Fig. 4 Image examples of "tip-to-lateral" connection of leaders (arrows denote the location of junction points, Fig. 4a-Fig. 4e are inverted for a better view)
(a)F1103, (b)F1243, (c)F1248, (d)F1258, (e)F1422, (f)F1443
图 6 2015—2017年TOLOG观测到的高建筑物雷电频次位置分布
(未标数字的点均代表 1次雷电)
Fig. 6 Locations of tall-object lightning flashes obtained at the TOLOG during 2015-2017
(points without numbers mean one flash)
图 7 1次正地闪及其触发的3个上行闪电示意图
(+表示正电荷，-表示负电荷，▲为闪电定位系统提供的正地闪接地点位置，箭头表示通道传输方向) [27]v
Fig. 7 The scenario of a positive cloud-to-ground flash and three upward flashes triggered by the positive flash
(+ denotes positive charge, - denotes negative charge, ▲ is the ground termination point of positive cloud-to-ground flash reported by the lightning location system, arrows denote directions of channels extension)(from Reference [27])
表 1 TOLOG主观测点东南方向视野范围内高度超过300 m的8个高建筑物
Table 1 Eight tall-objects higher than 300 m in the south-east field of view of the TOLOG main station
建筑物编号 建筑物名称 高度/m 建成时间 A 广州塔 600* 2009年 B 广州周大福金融中心，又称广州东塔 530 2014年 C 广州国际金融中心，又称广州西塔 440 2009年 D 广晟国际大厦 360 2011年 E 环球都会广场 318 2014年 F 珠江城大厦 310 2010年 G 越秀金融大厦 310 2013年 H 利通广场 303 2010年 注：*广州塔高度2009年为610 m，2009年以后降为600 m。 
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表 2 TOLOG各观测点架设的设备信息
Table 2 Instruments installed at each observation station of the TOLOG
TOLOG观测点 建成时间 设备信息 主观测点(观测点1) 2009年 5套高速摄像机(不同帧率、不同视野)
2套LAPOS(不同灵敏度)
2台TLCI
2台LCI
4部单反相机(不同视野、不同曝光参数)
1套雷声探测麦克风阵列
1部大气平均电场仪
3套快天线电场变化仪(不同量程)
3套慢天线电场变化仪(不同量程)
1个闪电低频电场变化探测阵列子站
4套闪电磁场变化测量仪(不同量程)
2套先导电流测量仪(不同量程)观测点2 2011年 2套LCI(不同视野) 观测点3 2017年 1套TLCI，1套LCI 观测点4 2017年 1套TLCI 观测点5 2019年 1套LCI 观测点6 2019年 1套LCI
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表 3 2009—2018年TOLOG观测到的高度超过300 m的建筑物上的雷电数量
Table 3 Numbers of lightning flashes to tall-objects higher than 300 m obtained at the TOLOG during 2009-2018
年份 建筑物编号 A B C D E F G H 2009 3 2 2010 1 0 0 2 2011 1 2 1 0 0 2012 6 5 6 0 0 2013 4 1 0 0 0 1 2014 4 9 2 2 0 2 2 1 2015 13 8 0 0 1 1 0 1 2016 71 9 4 8 0 0 1 4 2017 44 8 0 1 0 1 0 0 2018 33 10 2 4 0 0 0 2 合计 180 44 18 22 1 4 3 11
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