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Lightning Activities in a Convection Cell Dominated by Heavy Warm Cloud Precipitation
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摘要: 利用中国气象局雷电野外科学试验基地(CMA_FEBLS)三维闪电观测数据，结合广州双偏振雷达观测数据，分析了2017年5月7日广东一次暖云强降水对流单体的闪电活动及其与云降水结构的关系。该单体在4 h内产生1250个闪电，地闪比例约24%。绝大多数闪电出现在4~12 km高度，对应温度层为0℃至-40℃；闪电放电活动的峰值高度出现在8.5 km，对应环境温度约-19℃。分析的强降水单体宏观上呈现上正、中负、下正的三极性电荷结构，中部负电荷核心区约为-8℃至-15℃。在闪电活动区域中，由干雪粒子主导区域占比约82%，霰粒子主导区域占比约11%，且大部分与闪电活动关联的霰粒子主要位于4~8 km高度。总闪频数与30 dBZ雷达回波顶高、-20℃温度层上大于20 dBZ的回波体积具有较好的相关性。闪电活动的平均位置高度与20 dBZ雷达回波顶高和-20℃温度层上大于30 dBZ的回波体积具有较好的相关关系。闪电活动与最大降水强度之间具有较好的时序对应关系，单个闪电表征降水量的值为107 kg/fl量级。Abstract: Lightning activity in a convection cell that occurred in Guangzhou of China on 7 May 2017 dominated by heavy warm cloud precipitation and its relationship with the precipitation structure of the cell are disscussed, using three-dimensional lightning location data of the Low_Frequency E-field Dection Array (LFEDA) in the Field Experiment Base on Lightning Sciences, China Meteorological Administration (CMA_FEBLS) and Guangzhou polarimetric radar observations. According to the ground precipitation obtained by radar inversion, the maximum cumulative precipitation from 0000 BT to 0400 BT in the cell dominated by warm cloud precipitation is 261 mm. The cell produces a total of 1250 detected lightning flashes within 4 h, with the ratio of cloud-to-ground flashes being about 24%. Lightning discharges mainly occur in the height range of 4-12 km, corresponding to the isotherm layers between approximately 0℃ and -40℃. The height and isotherm associated with the peak-frequency lightning discharges are about 8.5 km and -19℃, respectively. The heavy rainfall cell represents general tripolar charge structure, i.e., the upper positive charge region, middle negative charge region and lower positive charge region, with the negative charge core being between approximately -8℃ and -15℃ layers. The region featuring lightning discharges and dominated by dry snow account for about 82% of all, while the ratio for the region featuring lightning discharges and dominated by graupel account for about 11%. Most graupel-dominating regions associate with lightning discharges are located between 4 km and 8 km layers. This may be related to the weak convection in the cell dominated by warm cloud precipitation. Total lightning rate show relatively significant correlations with the 30 dBZ radar echo top height and volumes of the regions where radar echoes are greater than 20 dBZ and heights are larger than -20℃ level. The average height of lightning discharges is well related with the 20 dBZ radar echo top height and volumes of regions where radar echoes are greater than 30 dBZ and heights are larger than -20℃ level. Relative prominent corresponding relationship is also found between total flash frequency and maximum precipitation intensity. Meanwhile, the rainfall per flash is in the order of 107 kg/fl.
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图 1 2017年5月7日00:06, 01:30和03:00雷达组合反射率因子
(图中位置坐标采用以广州雷达(黑色五角星)为中心的距离坐标表示，黑色三角形表示LFEDA的10个站点位置，两个以广州雷达为圆心的黑色同心圆表示距雷达中心50, 100 km范围，红色圆表示LFEDA站网中心100 km范围，紫色椭圆为分析单体，黑色圆点为叠加的闪电脉冲放电事件(放电事件)，白色实线表示剖面位置)
Fig. 1 The radar composite reflectivity factor at 0006 BT, 0130 BT and 0300 BT on 7 May 2017
(the origin of distance coordinate is located at the position of Guangzhou radar (black star), black triangles indicate 10 substations involved in LFEDA, two black concentric circles centered on Guangzhou radar indicate 50 and 100 km ranges from radar center, and red circle indicates the 100 km range of LFEDA network center, the purple ellipse indicates analyzed cells, black dots are lightning pulse discharge events (LPDE), the white solid line represents the position of vertical cross sections)
图 2 2017年5月7日00:06，01:30和03:00广州雷达变量垂直剖面
(图中灰色圆点为叠加的对应剖面(图 1白色实线)半宽5 km范围内的放电事件，黑色虚线从下到上分别表示2017年5月6日20:00清远探空站0，-10，-20，-30，-40℃温度层高度)
Fig. 2 Vertical cross sections of Guangzhou radar variable at 0006 BT, 0130 BT and 0300 BT on 7 May 2017
(gray dots represent lightning pulse discharge event(LPDE) within 5 km of vertical cross sections (the solid white line in Fig. 1), dashed black lines indicate the height of 0, -10, -20, -30℃ and -40℃ isotherms, which provided by Qingyuan sounding at 2000 BT 6 May 2017)
图 3 2017年5月7日00:00—04:00分析单体内放电事件和总闪频数
随时间变化(时间间隔为6 min)
Fig. 3 Evolution of frequencies of LPDE and flashes in the investigated cell during
0000-0400 BT on 7 May 2017 (time interval is 6 min)
图 4 2017年5月7日00:00—04:00分析单体内闪电活动
(a)放电事件密度随高度和时间的分布(时间间隔为6 min，高度间隔为1 km，其上叠加上、下行负先导闪电起始位置以及正负地闪发生时间；黑色虚线从下到上分别表示2017年5月6日20:00清远探空站0，-10，-20，-30，-40℃温度层高度)，(b)放电事件和上、下行负先导闪电起始位置的高度分布
Fig. 4 Lightning activity in the investigated cell during 0000—0400 BT on 7 May 2017
(a)density of LPDE as a function of height and time (time interval is 6 min, height interval is 1 km, the initiation of upward negative initial leader(UNIL) and downward negative initial leader(DNIL) and positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes and negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes are superposed, dashed black lines labelled the isotherms of 0, -10, -20, -30℃ and -40℃ obtained from Qingyuan sounding at 2000 BT 6 May 2017), (b)height distributions of LPDE and initiation dots of UNIL and DNIL
图 5 2017年5月7日00:00—04:00分析单体内放电事件位置对应不同相态水成物粒子网格在不同高度上所占比例
Fig. 5 Proportions of radar grid boxes with different-type hydrometeors in LPDE position at different heights in the investigated cell during 0000-0400 BT on 7 May 2017
图 6 2017年5月7日00:00—04:00分析单体内放电事件频数以及对应干雪和霰产生放电事件的网格比例在各高度的分布
Fig. 6 Proportions of radar grid boxes dominantly featured by graupel and dry snow and the frequency of LPDE at different heights in the investigated cell during 0000-0400 BT on 7 May 2017
图 7 2017年5月7日00:00—04:00分析单体内闪电活动与雷达回波参数变化
(数据经五点滑动平均处理，黑色虚线从下到上分别表示2017年5月6日20:00清远探空站0, -10, -20, -30, -40℃温度层高度) (a)总闪频数与30 dBZ雷达回波顶高，(b)总闪频数与不同高度范围反射率因子大于20 dBZ回波体积(V0, V-10, V-15, V-20和Vall依次表示0, -10, -15, -20℃温度层和整个单体体积)，(c)平均放电事件高度与20 dBZ雷达回波顶高，(d)平均放电事件高度与不同高度范围反射率因子大于30 dBZ回波体积
Fig. 7 Time-sequence changes of lightning activity and echo parameters in the investigated cell during 0000-0400 BT on 7 May 2017 (data processed by five-point moving average, dashed black lines indicate heights of 0, -10, -20, -30℃ and -40℃ isotherms, which provided by Qingyuan sounding at 2000 BT 6 May 2017)
(a)total flash frequency versus 30 dBZ radar echo top height, (b)total flash frequency versus volumes of regions with radar echoes above 20 dBZ in different height ranges (V0, V-10, V-15, V-20 and Vall represent 0, -10, -15, -20℃ layer and the cell, respectively), (c)average height of LPDE versus 20 dBZ radar echo top height, (d)average height of LPDE versus volumes of regions with radar echoes above 30 dBZ in different height ranges
图 8 2017年5月7日00:00—04:00分析单体内闪电活动与降水特征变化
(数据经五点滑动平均处理) (a)总闪频数与最大降水强度，(b)总闪频数与降水率大于2 mm·h-1 (R2 mm·h-1)和20 mm·h-1 (R20 mm·h-1)区域对应的降水量
Fig. 8 Time-sequence changes of lightning frequency and precipitation characteristics in the investigated cell during 0000-0400 BT on 7 May 2017 (data processed by five-point moving average)
(a)total flash frequency versus maximum precipitation intensity, (b)total flash frequency and rainfall quantity in the regions where the rain rate greater than 2 mm·h-1 and 20 mm·h-1, respectively
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