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Observation of the Whole Discharge Process During a Multi-stroke Triggered Lightning by Continuous Interferometer
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摘要: 基于自主研发的闪电连续干涉仪，对2019年6月11日在中国气象局雷电野外科学试验基地广州从化人工引雷试验场成功触发的一次多回击闪电放电全过程进行观测，结合通道底部电流数据和电场变化数据，共同揭示触发闪电全放电过程：连续干涉仪能够定位到最小为8 A的不连续的先驱电流脉冲辐射信号，初始先驱电流脉冲(IPCP)的平均转移电荷量约为先驱电流脉冲(PCP)的2倍；上行正先导连续发展后为初始连续电流(ICC)过程，最初正流光通道以105 m·s-1量级的速度继续发展延伸，之后出现反冲先导放电；在ICC阶段出现的经典M分量，可由向前的106 m·s-1量级速度的正流光(先导)产生，也可由已有通道头部产生的反冲先导产生，且整个M分量过程中，多个反冲先导维持了放电过程的持续；之后的回击间过程以反冲先导为主要放电形式，回击电流脉冲之前存在多次反冲先导过程，但多数未发展到接地通道，只处于企图先导阶段，直至成功的先导回击产生；而前两次回击具有超短的时间间隔，约为4.5 ms，这是由于两次回击前的先导来源于云内不同分支的反冲先导过程。Abstract: The discharge process is often discussed in the lightning physics. VHF (very high frequency) observations play an important role in studying lightning discharge processes, because they show where air breakdown occurs. Triggered lightning flashes are ideal research objects, because they are generated in a fixed time and place. Regular experiments of triggering lightning have been conducted by Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences since 2006, and 189 lightning flashes are triggered successfully. Besides regular observations, such as fast/slow antenna, channel-based current and high-speed video, the continuous interferometer (CINTF) is developed and deployed at the site for triggered lightning after 2016 in order to observe detailed discharge processes. The CINTF can provide high-precision location with time resolution of around 1 μs.A multi-stroke triggered lightning with 8 return strokes is observed by a self-developed lightning continuous interferometer during Guangdong Comprehensive Observation Experiment on Lightning Discharge on 11 June 2019. The whole discharge processes, including precursor current pulse, initial precursor current pulse, initial continuous current and return strokes, last for about 1600 ms. The channel-based current, electric field change and radiation source positions are obtained. CINTF results show that the radiation signal generated from discrete precursor current pulse with a minimum value of about 8 A can be detected. The average transfer charge of initial precursor current pulse is twice as much as that of the precursor current pulse. During the initial continuous current stage after continuously developing of the upward positive leader, the obviously forward channel extension is the main discharge form at the beginning, and then the extension can be accompanied by discontinuously backward propagation, and recoil leader often occurs in the following stage. M-component in the ICC stage is caused by two discharge processes:Forward positive streamer (or leader) or recoil leader generated in the existing channel. Multi recoil leaders occur during the whole M process, which maintain M discharge. The main discharge form in return stroke stage is recoiling discharge. There are multi recoil leaders before return strokes, however, most of them cannot develop to ground, keep as an attempted leader until the last leader-stroke occurs. Adjacent two strokes with a short duration time of 4.5 ms have the same optical channel in optical images, but they are obviously different in development paths, which lead to a very short RS interval.
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图 2 触发闪电全过程辐射源分布、通道电流(红线)和电场变化波形(辐射源颜色代表时间)
(a)慢电场波形, (b)辐射源时间-仰角分布和对应电流波形, (c)辐射源半球投影, (d)辐射源方位角-仰角分布
Fig. 2 Radiation sources distribution, channel-base current and electric field change waveform during the whole triggered lightning (colors of radiation sources corresponding to time)
(a)waveform of slow electric field change, (b)elevation of radiation sources versus time and the corresponding current waveform, (c)hemispherical projection of radiation sources, (d)elevation of radiation sources versus azimuth
图 3 PCP和IPCP的电流峰值分布(a)和脉冲宽度分布(b)
Fig. 3 Distribution of peak current(a) and distribution of pulse width(b) for PCP and IPCP
图 4 ICC阶段辐射源分布、通道电流(红线)和电场变化波形(辐射源颜色代表时间)
(a)慢电场波形, (b)辐射源时间-仰角分布和对应电流波形, (c)辐射源半球投影, (d)辐射源方位角-仰角分布
Fig. 4 Radiation sources distribution, channel-base current and electric field change waveform during ICC stage (colors of radiation sources corresponding to time)
(a)waveform of slow electric field change, (b)elevation of radiation sources versus time and the corresponding current waveform, (c)hemispherical projection of radiation sources, (d)elevation of radiation sources versus azimuth
图 5 1002~1004 ms辐射源分布、通道电流(红色曲线)和电场变化波形(辐射源颜色代表时间)
(a)慢电场波形, (b)辐射源时间-仰角分布和对应电流波形, (c)辐射源半球投影, (d)辐射源方位角-仰角分布
Fig. 5 Radiation sources distribution, channel-base current and electric field change waveform during 1002-1004 ms (colors of radiation sources corresponding to time)
(a)waveform of slow electric field change, (b)elevation of radiation sources versus time and the corresponding current waveform, (c)hemispherical projection of radiation sources, (d)elevation of radiation sources versus azimuth
图 6 1004~1015 ms的辐射源分布、电流波形(红色曲线)和电场变化波形(辐射源颜色代表时间)
(a)慢电场波形, (b)辐射源时间-仰角分布和对应电流波形, (c)辐射源半球投影, (d)辐射源方位角-仰角分布
Fig. 6 Radiation sources distribution, channel-base current and electric field change waveform during 1004-1015 ms (colors of radiation sources corresponding to time)
(a)waveform of slow electric field change, (b)elevation of radiation sources versus time and the corresponding current waveform, (c)hemispherical projection of radiation sources, (d)elevation of radiation sources versus azimuth
图 7 一个M分量的辐射源分布、电流波形(红色曲线)和电场变化波形(辐射源颜色代表时间)
(a)慢电场波形, (b)辐射源时间-仰角分布和对应电流波形, (c)辐射源半球投影, (d)辐射源方位角-仰角分布
Fig. 7 Radiation sources distribution, channel-base current and electric field change waveform during a M discharge (colors of radiation sources corresponding to time)
(a)waveform of slow electric field change, (b)elevation of radiation sources versus time and the corresponding current waveform, (c)hemispherical projection of radiation sources, (d)elevation of radiation sources versus azimuth
图 8 1285~1305 ms M分量的辐射源分布、电流波形(红色曲线)和电场变化波形(辐射源颜色代表时间)
(a)慢电场波形, (b)辐射源时间-仰角分布和对应电流波形, (c)辐射源半球投影, (d)辐射源方位角-仰角分布
Fig. 8 Radiation sources distribution, channel-base current and electric field change waveform during M discharge during 1285-1305 ms (colors of radiation sources corresponding to time)
(a)waveform of slow electric field change, (b)elevation of radiation sources versus time and the corresponding current waveform, (c)hemispherical projection of radiation sources, (d)elevation of radiation sources versus azimuth
图 9 第1、2次回击间放电的辐射源分布、电流波形(红线)和电场变化波形(辐射源颜色代表时间，指向RS1和RS2的箭头分别代表第1和第2次回击前的发展路径)
(a)慢电场波形, (b)辐射源时间-仰角分布和对应电流波形, (c)辐射源半球投影, (d)辐射源方位角-仰角分布
Fig. 9 Radiation sources distribution, channel-base current and electric field change waveform during the 1st RS and the 2nd RS (colors of radiation sources corresponding to time, arrows to RS1 and RS2 represent development paths before the first return stroke and the second return stroke)
(a)waveform of slow electric field change, (b)elevation of radiation sources versus time and the corresponding current waveform, (c)hemispherical projection of radiation sources, (d)elevation of radiation sources versus azimuth
图 10 第6次回击前放电的辐射源分布、电流波形(红色曲线)和电场变化波形(辐射源颜色代表时间)
(a)慢电场波形, (b)辐射源时间-仰角分布和对应电流波形, (c)辐射源半球投影, (d)辐射源方位角-仰角分布
Fig. 10 Radiation sources distribution, channel-base current and electric field change waveform before the 6th RS (colors of radiation sources corresponding to time)
(a)waveform of slow electric field change, (b)elevation of radiation sources versus time and the corresponding current waveform, (c)hemispherical projection of radiation sources, (d)elevation of radiation sources versus azimuth
表 1 先驱放电过程的电流参量
Table 1 Current parameters during precursor current pulse stage
发展阶段 脉冲样本量 持续时间 平均峰值/A 脉冲宽度/μs 平均转移电荷/μC 整体转移电荷/μC PCP 39 650 ms 26.8 3.0 21.0 824 IPCP 18 400 μs 23.9 4.9 41.3 743 
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表 2 回击过程电流参量
Table 2 Current parameters during return stroke stage
回击次序 时间间隔/ms 峰值/ kA 转移电荷量/C 1 0 10.57 0.59 2 4.5 5.66 0.48 3 87.6 12.69 0.66 4 30 13.73 0.66 5 70 13.82 0.73 6 100 20.86 1.66 7 90 16.55 0.90 8 190 36.45 5.32 平均值 71 16.29 1.37
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