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Comparison of Solar Ultraviolet Irradiance Measurements at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica
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摘要: 比较分析了2017年南极中山站3种仪器测量地面太阳紫外B（UVB）波段和紫外A（UVA）波段的辐照度。以Brewer光谱仪测值为参考，国产宽波段FSUVB日射表在UVB（波段280~315 nm）的辐照度相对误差为（55±75）%，误差随大气臭氧总量的增加呈上升趋势，但在南极“臭氧洞”期间偏低。Yankee UVB宽波段日射表在UVB（波段280~320 nm）的辐照度相对误差为（-31±22）%；国产宽波段FSUVA日射表在UVA（波段315~400 nm）的辐照度相对误差为（23±5.9）%。太阳天顶角低于80°的晴天以Tropospheric Ultraviolet Visible（TUV）辐射模式计算结果为参考时，FSUVB，Yankee UVB和FSUVA辐照度的平均相对误差分别为（30±37）%，（-22±19）%和（27±6.4）%，而Brewer相对误差未超过3.5%。国产宽波段UV日射表测值偏高，反映出波长较长的杂散光对太阳辐照度测值影响明显。
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关键词:
- FSUVA/FSUVB日射表;
- Brewer光谱仪;
- TUV模式计算;
- UV辐照度;
- 南极中山站
Abstract: A comparative analysis is presented on surface solar ultraviolet B (UVB) band and ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiance measured by 3 UV broadband pyranometers: FSUVA(315-400 nm), FSUVB(280-315 nm) provided by Jiangsu Radio Scientific Institute Co. LTD (CJRSI), American Yankee UVB(280-320 nm), and Brewer ozone spectrophotometer, placed at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica. Using data of Brewer ozone spectrophotometer in 2017 as a reference, results show that, for UVB(280-315 nm) irradiance, the error of FSUVB is averagely (55±75)% but its irradiance is lower during the "ozone hole" period, indicating that domestic made FSUVB broadband radiometer is less sensitive to the ozone layer thinning. Furthermore, the irradiance relative error of FSUVB shows a certain upward trend with the increase of total atmospheric ozone, indicating an over-measured UVB irradiance by the FSUVB pyranometer in regions with normal ozone concentration, such as the area of middle-low latitudes including China. As a contrast, the error of Yankee UVB (280-320 nm) is averagely (-31±22)% lower than that of Brewer measured, however, the relative error and total ozone variation are unrelated. The under-measured UVB irradiance from the Yankee UVB pyranometer is attributed to the system calibration error. Since Brewer spectral UV measurement is limited within 286.5-363 nm, a so-called UV correction factor, on the basis of empirical ratio of spectral irradiance at the wavelength longer than 363 nm to the Brewer measured irradiance at 363 nm, is applied to make up Brewer spectral irradiance gap of 363.5-400 nm with wavelength resolution of 0.5 nm for constructing Brewer entire spectral UVA (315-400 nm) irradiance. The error of FSUVA is averagely (23±59)% when Brewer UVA irradiance is used as the reference. With tropospheric Ultraviolet visible (TUV) radiation model calculations under cloud-free and the sun zenith angle (SZA)less than 80° as references, irradiance errors measured by FSUVB, Yankee UVB and FSUVA are (30±37)%, (-22±19)% and (27±6.4)%, respectively, in 197 cases, while the average of differences between Brewer and TUV calculations are respectively (3.4±8.5)% in UVB band of 286.5-315 nm, (2.9±6.8)% in UVB band of 286.5-320 nm and (3.4±4.5)% in UVA band of 315-400 nm, proving the method of Brewer UVA correction factor is rational. Again, only the relative error of FSUVB measurements referenced to TUV calculations displays an evident increasing trend with the growth of total ozone. Mechanisms of over-measured solar irradiances from both domestic made broad-band UV pyranometers are not fully identified. Calibration methods needed to be improved with consideration of variable SZA and total ozone. In addition, the stray light at longer wavelengths should have a significant influences on the pyranometer's performances and this stray light need to be eliminated in further instrument improvement. For FSUVB, its less sensitiveness to the solar UVB irradiance during the period of "ozone hole" still needs to be resolved. -
图 1 Brewer, Yankee UVB, FSUVA和FSUVB响应光谱曲线
Fig. 1 Spectral response curves of Brewer spectrophotometer, Yankee UVB, FSUVB and FSUVA pyranometers
图 3 2017年FSUVB及Yankee UVB辐照度相对于Brewer的测量误差
Fig. 3 Irradiance errors of FSUVB and Yankee UVB from Brewer measurements in 2017
图 4 FSUVB和Yankee UVB与Brewer辐照度相对误差与臭氧总量的关系
Fig. 4 Relative errors of UVB irradiance measured by pyranometers as a function of total ozone from Brewer measurements
图 5 2017年Brewer及FSUVA测量的UVA辐照度时间序列
Fig. 5 Time series of UVA irradiance measured by Brewer and FSUVA in 2007
图 6 以Brewer测值为标准FSUVA测得2017年太阳UVA辐照度的误差(a)及相对误差(b)
Fig. 6 FSUVA solar UVA irradiance error(a) and the relative error(b) with the standard of Brewer measurements in 2017
图 7 2017年观测及TUV模式计算的晴天太阳天顶角小于80°南极中山站的太阳UV辐射在波段280~315 nm，280~320 nm及315~400 nm的辐照度变化
Fig. 7 The variation of TUV simulation and measured solar UV irradiances values under cloud-free sky and the SZA less than 80° at 280-315 nm, 280-320 nm and 315-400 nm at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica in 2017
图 8 Brewer，FSUVB和Yankee UVB测值与TUV晴天模式计算的相对误差与臭氧总量之间关系
Fig. 8 Relative errors of measured UVB irradiance from TUV calculations under cloud-free sky
表 1 UV辐射仪器参数
Table 1 Specifications of instruments for UV irradiance measurements
技术参数 Yankee UVB FSUVB FSUVA Brewer 波长范围/nm 280~320 280~315 315~400 286.5~363 余弦效应 < 5%[16] < 4%[25] < 7%[25] < 5%[27] 工作原理 通过NiSO4滤光片的辐射照在
MgWO4涂面的荧光效
应产生易测绿光[16]截止滤光片过滤辐射照
在探测器接收面上同FSUVB 光栅衍射分光 探测器 GaAsp硅光二极管探测
荧光效应后的绿光[16]硅光二极管探测 同FSUVB 光电倍增管 仪器响应时间/s 1 1.5 1.5 < 1 数据时间分辨率/min 1 1 1 9(光谱扫描) 标定方法 150 W Xeron arc光源
及光谱仪组合标定[16]溯源计量院光源标定荷兰Kipp
& Zonen公司的UVS-AB-T
宽波段日射表，UVS-AB-T
室外标定FSUVB同FSUVB 二级溯源NIST1000W钨灯室内
光谱测值标定，363~400 nm
采用UVA订正因子估算[27]稳定度/(%·a-1) 未知 < 5 < 5 < 0.5* 背景最低信号 未知 < 10 mv < 10 mv 5光子数 辐照度测量范围/
(W·m-2)< 10 < 6 < 90 < 90 日测值相对误差/% 2 < 10 < 10 < 5 工作环境温度/℃ -40~40 -40~50 -40~50 -40~50 注：*表示来自2011年1月和2017年11月标定值比较。 
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表 2 南极中山站晴天UVB, UVA辐照度与TUV模式计算结果的比较(n=197, 太阳天顶角小于80°)
Table 2 Statistical comparison of measured UVB, UVA irradiance and TUV calculation under cloud-free sky at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica(n=197, SZA less then 80°)
误差 280~315 nm 280~320 nm 315~400 nm Brewer FSUVB Brewer Yankee UVB Brewer FSUVA 误差/(W·m-2) 0.012±0.038 0.052±0.037 0.033±0.096 -0.2±0.2 1.1±1.4 6.9±3.6 相对误差/% 3.1±8.5 30.1±37.3 2.9±6.8 -21.7±19.1 3.4±4.5 27.0±6.4
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