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Observation Characteristics and Synoptic Mechanisms of Typhoon Lekima Extreme Rainfall in 2019
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摘要:
利用自动气象站资料、FY-2G卫星TBB（black body temperature）产品、多普勒雷达组网资料和NCEP FNL分析资料对超强台风利奇马（1909）极端强降雨观测特征、热动力结构演变和水汽输送进行分析。结果表明：此次台风大暴雨覆盖华东大部，极端强降雨区（过程雨量超过350 mm）位于浙江东部和山东中部，21个国家级气象站突破日雨量历史极值；副热带高压、台风和西风槽相互作用以及华东沿海强劲东南风急流为台风利奇马（1909）长时间维持与强降雨发生提供了有利的环境条件。浙江东部极端强降雨主要由发展极为强盛的台风本体产生，垂直深厚涡旋系统强烈的上升运动和台风眼墙区密实的深对流系统导致雨强大且降雨集中；而山东中部极端强降雨则与台风非对称结构演变和冷空气侵入密切相关。倒槽锋生、台风北侧3条螺旋雨带北移汇入及地形迎风坡处的列车效应导致山东中部远距离暴雨发生，随着500 hPa干冷空气从低层不断侵入，在台风西侧118°E附近形成向西倾斜的假相当位温锋区，暖湿气流爬升引发第2阶段稳定性降雨。
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关键词:
- 超强台风利奇马(1909);
- 极端强降雨;
- 非对称结构;
- 列车效应;
- 假相当位温锋区
Abstract:Observation characteristics of extreme heavy rainfall with its thermodynamic structure evolution and water vapor transmission of super-typhoon Lekima in 2019 is comprehensively diagnosed and analyzed, in terms of automatic weather station data, FY-2G TBB and the microwave hygrometer channel inversion data of FY-3D MWHSⅡ, radar networking data and NCEP FNL 1° by 1° analysis data. Results show that heavy rain covers most parts of East China when Lekima heading north, its extreme rainfall (process rainfall amount more than 350 mm) occur in eastern Zhejiang and central Shandong, with the maximum rainfall point of 833 mm and 612 mm, respectively. The average rainfall of the whole province ranks first or second in the history of process rainfall in Zhejiang and Shandong, and daily rainfall values of 21 national stations are new historical records. The interaction of the typhoon, subtropical high, mid-latitude westerly trough and the abundant water vapor transport of the strong southeast low-level jet (over 25-35 m·s-1 in speed) along the coast of East China provide favorable environmental conditions for the long-term maintenance of Lekima and the occurrence of extreme heavy rainfall as the typhoon northward. The extreme heavy rainfall in eastern Zhejiang is mainly caused by the development of powerful typhoon body, its deep vertical vortex system (over 60×10-5 s-1 in vorticity) and the strong upward movement breaking through the tropopause, as well as the dense deep convection system (TBB of -80--72 K) with high-efficiency rainfall and latent heat feedback in the eye-wall area of typhoon. The extreme heavy rainfall in the middle part of Shandong is closely related to the evolution of Lekima's asymmetric structure and the invasion of cold air during the typhoon heading northward. The extremity of rainfall comes from the combined action of the long-distance heavy rainfall originated from the easterly inverted trough and a long time "frontal properties" rainfall. The inverted trough frontogenesis, the convergence of southeast low-level jet and the easterly wind provide good dynamic and water vapor conditions for the long-distance rainstorm. Three main spiral rain belts in the north of the typhoon move anticlockwise, new convective systems constantly induce on warm side and merge in the inverted trough area, leading to train effect on the windward slope of terrain in central Shandong. With the continuous invasion of 500 hPa dry and cold air from the lower layer, a θse frontal zone inclining westward with height is formed near 118°E on the west side of typhoon. The warm and humid flow climb causes the second stage of long-time stable rainfall during Lekima's arrival in Shandong and the slow circle round in the Laizhou Bay.
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图 1 利奇马台风路径(点线)及日雨量超历史极值站点(圆点)分布(a)和2019年8月8日08:00—14日08:00累积雨量(填色表示雨量超过100 mm)(b)
Fig. 1 The track of typhoon Lekima(the dot-line) with stations of extreme daily rainfall(the dot)(a) and the accumulated rainfall from 0800 BT 8 Aug to 0800 BT 14 Aug in 2019 (the shaded denotes rainfall over 100 mm)(b)
图 2 2019年8月8—14日浙江和山东范围短时强降雨监测实况
(a)9日20:00—10日20:00浙江，(b)10日20:00—11日20:00山东，(c)浙江括苍山单站小时雨量，(d)山东淄川单站小时雨量
Fig. 2 Monitoring of short-term heavy rainfall in Zhejiang and Shandong from 8 Aug to 14 Aug in 2019
(a)Zhejiang area from 2000 BT 9 Aug to 2000 BT 10 Aug in 2019, (b)Shandong area from 2000 BT 10 Aug to 2000 BT 11 Aug in 2019, (c)hourly rainfall at Kuocangshan of Zhejiang, (d)hourly rainfall at Zichuan of Shandong
图 3 2019年8月9日20:00(a)、10日20:00(b)、11日20:00(c)500 hPa位势高度(等值线，单位：dagpm)和850 hPa风场(风羽表示风速不低于6 m·s-1，填色表示风速大于20 m·s-1区域，红色粗线为槽线)
Fig. 3 500 hPa geopotential height(the contour, unit:dagpm) and 850 hPa wind (the barb denotes velocity no less than 6 m·s-1, the shaded denotes the wind speed more than 20 m·s-1, the red think line denotes trough line) at 2000 BT 9 Aug(a), 2000 BT 10 Aug(b), 2000 BT 11 Aug(c) in 2019
图 4 2019年8月9日23:00—10日05:00 FY-2G卫星TBB(TBB低于-52℃)演变及对应的3 h累积雨量
Fig. 4 The evolution of FY-2G TBB(below -52℃) with 3 h accumulated rainfall from 2300 BT 9 Aug to 0500 BT 10 Aug in 2019
图 5 2019年8月9日20:00(a)、10日02:00(b)、10日08:00(c)水汽通量散度(等值线，单位：10-7 g·hPa-1·cm-2·s-1)沿台风中心的纬向-垂直剖面(其中黑色三角为对应时刻台风中心位置，黑粗线为极端强降雨区位置)
Fig. 5 Cross-section of the moisture flux divergence(the contour, unit:10-7 g·hPa-1·cm-2·s-1) along the typhoon center at 2000 BT 9 Aug(a), 0200 BT 10 Aug(b), 0800 BT 10 Aug(c) in 2019 (the black triangle denotes the typhoon center, the black thick line denotes the location of extremely strong rainfall)
图 6 2019年8月9日20:00(a)、10日02:00(b)、10日08:00(c)沿台风中心涡度(填色)和散度(等值线，单位：10-5 s-1)剖面(黑色三角为对应时刻台风中心位置，黑粗线为极端强降雨区位置)
Fig. 6 Cross-section of vorticity(the shaded) and divergence velocity(the contour, unit:10-5 s-1) along the typhoon center at 2000 BT 9 Aug(a), 0200 BT 10 Aug(b), 0800 BT Aug(c) in 2019 (the black triangle denotes the typhoon center, the black thick line denotes the location of extremely strong rainfall)
图 7 2019年8月10日05:00风场(风矢)和地形(填色)(红色箭头表示气流，红色虚线表示辐合线)(a)及9—12日浙江东部极端强降雨区(图 7a中蓝色方框区域)平均垂直运动(填色)时间剖面图(b)
Fig. 7 The wind field(the vector) at 0500 BT 10 Aug 2019 with terrain(the shaded) (the red vector denotes airflow, the red dashed line denotes convergence)(a) and cross-section of average vertical velocity(the shaded) in the east of Zhejiang(the blue box area showed in Fig. 7a)(b)
图 8 2019年8月11日风场及水汽输送
(a)02：00 850 hPa风场(风矢，不低于20 m·s-1)和水汽输送通量(填色，单位：g·kg-1·m·s-1)，(b)08：00 850 hPa风场(风矢，不低于20 m·s-1)和水汽输送通量(填色，单位：g·kg-1·m·s-1)，(c)02：00 925 hPa风场(风羽，不低于12 m·s-1)和水汽输送通量散度(填色，单位：10-7 g·hPa-1·cm-2·s-1)，(d)08：00 925 hPa风场(风羽，不低于12 m·s-1)和水汽输送通量散度(填色，单位：10-7 g·hPa-1·cm-2·s-1)
Fig. 8 Wind field and water vapor transfer on 11 Aug 2019
(a)850 hPa wind(the arrow, no less that 20 m·s-1) and moisture flux(the shaded, unit:g·kg-1·m·s-1) at 0200 BT, (b)850 hPa wind(the arrow, no less that 20 m·s-1) and moisture flux(the shaded, unit:g·kg-1·m·s-1) at 0800 BT, (c)925 hPa wind(the barb, no less than 12 m·s-1) and moisture flux divergence(the shaded, unit:10-7 g·kg-1·m·s-1) at 0200 BT, (d)925 hPa wind(the barb, no less than 12 m·s-1) and moisture flux divergence (the shaded, unit:10-7 g·kg-1·m·s-1) at 0800 BT
图 9 2019年8月11日02:00(a)、08:00(b)沿台风中心涡度(填色)和散度(等值线，单位：10-5 s-1)的经向垂直剖面及11日02:00(c)、08:00(d)沿台风中心假相当位温(红色等值线，单位：K)和经向环流(风矢为经向风和垂直速度(扩大100倍)合成，黑色等值线为不超过-0.5×10-2 Pa·s-1的上升运动区)经向垂直剖面(黑色三角为对应时刻台风中心位置，黑粗线为极端强降雨区位置)
Fig. 9 Cross-section of positive vorticity(the shaded) and divergence(the contour, unit:10-5 s-1) along the typhoon center at 0200 BT(a) and 0800 BT(b) on 11 Aug 2019 with cross-section of θse (the red contour, unit:K) and meridional vertical velocity(the vector is the combination of meridional wind and vertical movement(multiplied by 100), the black contour denotes the area upward movement no more than -0.5×10-2 Pa·s-1) along the typhoon center at 0200 BT(c) and 0800 BT(d) on 11 Aug 2019(the black triangle denotes the location of typhoon center, the black thick line denotes the location of extremely strong rainfall)
图 10 2019年8月10日21:00(a)、11日01:00(b)、11日05:00(c)雷达组合反射率因子(填色) (黑色圆点为台风中心位置)
Fig. 10 Combined reflectivity factors(the shaded) at 2100 BT 10 Aug(a), 0100 BT 11 Aug(b) and 0500 BT 11 Aug(c) in 2019(the black dot denotes the typhoon center)
图 11 2019年8月11日02:00地面风场(风矢)和地形(填色)
Fig. 11 The surface wind(the vector) at 0200 BT 11 Aug 2019 with terrain(the shaded)
图 12 2019年8月11日20:00(a)、12日02:00(b)、12日08:00(c)沿台风中心假相当位温(红色等值线，单位：K)和纬向垂直环流(风矢为纬向风与垂直速度(扩大100倍)的合成，黑色等值线为不超过-0.2×10-2 Pa·s-1的上升运动区)纬向垂直剖面(棕色虚线为假相当位温锋区，蓝色箭头表示干冷侵入)
Fig. 12 Cross-section of θse(the red contour, unit:K) and zonal vertical velocity(the vector is the combination of zonal wind and vertical movement(multiplied by 100), the black contour denotes the upward movement no more than -0.2×10-2 Pa·s-1)) along the typhoon center at 2000 BT 11 Aug(a), 0200 BT 12 Aug(b), 0800 BT 12 Aug(c) in 2019 (the brown dotted line denotes θse front area, the blue arrow denotes dry cold invasion)
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