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Comparison of Development Mechanisms of Two Cyclones Affecting Northeast China
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摘要: 2007年3月3—5日和2016年5月2—3日有两个气旋（简称C304和C502）在江淮流域生成后，以相似路径影响东北地区，但发展强度不同。利用常规观测资料和NCEP FNL分析资料，通过对涡度平流、温度平流、湿位势涡度及锋生函数等物理量进行诊断并结合高、低空环流形势对两个气旋发展动力机制进行对比分析，结果表明：C304低空温度平流在气旋发展初期起主要作用，高空正涡度平流为地面气旋发展提供高空辐散场，地面气旋中心上空垂直上升运动增强，对流层低层斜压性明显，气旋性涡度增加主要在对流层下层，低空斜压强迫是主要发展机制；C502低空温度平流弱，斜压性不明显，高空正涡度平流促使高空闭合环流发展，对流层上层有高湿位涡舌发展下垂并与对流层下层正湿位涡柱耦合贯通，垂直上升运动分布在地面气旋中心两侧，高空位涡下传是主要发展机制。两个气旋发生发展在对流层上层两支急流共存、急流非纬向性反气旋性弯曲环流形势下，对流层低层为气旋式环流背景。Abstract: Two cyclones (C304 and C502) generated in the Jianghuai Basin on 3-5 March 2007 and 2-3 May 2016, affect the northeast region in a similar way. However, their intensities are different. The development of C304 is strong whereas that of C502 is explosive. Based on NCEP FNL analysis data and conventional data, their development dynamics are comparatively analyzed, through diagnosis of vorticity advection, temperature advection, moist potential vorticity and frontogenesis function, combining with the circulations of high and low altitudes. The result shows that the vorticity factor and thermal factor play roles in deepening cyclone development and guiding cyclone movement. There are strong cold and warm temperature advections at low attitudes in the process of the strong evolution of C304. High-level positive vorticity advection located above the ground cyclone provides high-level divergence field. During the explosive development of C502, cold and warm advections are inconspicuous. Highly positive vorticity advection is located in front of the high-attitude trough. The development of high-level closed circulation is promoted by the high-level positive vorticity advection. As for C304, strong frontogenesis and frontolyzes symmetrically develop on the lower troposphere, whereas the baroclinicity of C502 is inconspicuous. Positive moist potential vorticities strongly develop in the upper and lower troposphere unusually. C304 vorticity increases mainly in the lower troposphere, however, C502 vorticity increases mainly in the upper troposphere where the high-humidity vortex tongue develops drooping and merges with the troposphere below the positive wet-position vortex column. Two cyclones develop with coexistence of two high-level jets, non-latitude jet and the anticyclonic curved circulation. Southerly and northerly airflows are established in the background of the cyclonic circulation at 850 hPa. C304 is located on the left front of the southerly airstream, and C502 is located between the southerly and northerly airstreams. Under the effect of low-level intensity convergence and high-level intensity scattering, the vertical ascent motion of C304 increases in lower to upper middle troposphere above the ground cyclone center. Under the strong high-level intensity scattering and weak low-level convergence, the vertical ascent movement of C502 occurs on both sides of the ground cyclone center and middle troposphere. Low-level baroclinic forcing is the main starting development mechanism of C304, and high-level vortex downward transmission is the main mechanism of C502 development.
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图 1 气旋移动路径
(加粗部分为C304强烈发展时段和C502爆发性发展时段)
Fig. 1 The diagram of cyclone movement path
(tracks of C304 in the strong development period and C502 in the explosive development period are highlighted in bold)
图 2 2007年3月3—4日C304和2016年5月2—3日C502气旋中心海平面气压时序图
(粗线为气旋在海上时段)
Fig. 2 Time series of cyclone center sea-level pressure of C304 from 3 Mar to 4 Mar in 2007 and C502 from 2 May to 3 May in 2016
(the part in bold is the period of cyclone over sea)
图 3 2007年3月3—4日C304 200 hPa正涡度平流(填色)、925 hPa温度平流(红色等值线为暖平流不小于10，绿色等值线为冷平流不大于-10，单位：10-5K·s-1)和200 hPa位势高度(黑色等值线，单位：dagpm)(棕色实线为槽线，黑色圆点为地面气旋中心)
(a)3日18:00，(b)4日06:00，(c)4日18:00
Fig. 3 200 hPa positive vortic advection(the shaded), 925 hPa temperature advection(the red contour is warm advection no less than 10, the green contour is cold advection no more than -10, unit:10-5 K·s-1) and 200 hPa potential height(the black contour, unit:dagpm) of C304 from 3 Mar to 4 Mar in 2007 (the brown solid line is slot line, the black dot indicates the cyclone center location)
(a)1800 UTC 3 Mar, (b)0600 UTC 4 Mar, (c)1800 UTC 4 Mar
图 4 2016年5月2—3日C502 300 hPa正涡度平流(填色)、925 hPa温度平流(红色等值线为暖平流不小于10，绿色等值线为冷平流不大于-10，单位：10-5 K·s-1)和300 hPa位势高度(黑色等值线，单位：dagpm)(棕色实线为槽线，黑色圆点为地面气旋中心，D表示低压中心)
(a)2日06:00，(b)2日18:00，(c)3日06:00
Fig. 4 300 hPa positive vortic advection(the shaded), 925 hPa temperature advection(the red contour is warm advection no less than 10, the green contour is cold advection no more than -10, unit:10-5 K·s-1) and 300 hPa potential height(the black contour, unit:dagpm) of C502 from 2 May to 3 May in 2016 (the brown solid line is slot line, the black dot indicates the cyclone center location, D indicates low pressure center)
(a)0600 UTC 2 May, (b)1800 UTC 2 May, (c)0600 UTC 3 May
图 5 沿C304和C502气旋中心锋生函数(黑线，单位：10-10 K·m-1·s-1)和垂直速度(填色)纬向垂直剖面图(黑色三角为地面气旋中心)
(a)2007年3月3日18:00 C304，(b)2007年3月4日06:00 C304，(c)2007年3月4日18:00 C304，(d)2016年5月2日06:00 C502，(e)2016年5月2日18:00 C502，(f)2016年5月3日06:00 C502
Fig. 5 The zonal section of frontal function(the black line, unit:10-10 K·m-1·s-1) and vertical velocity(the shaded) along centers of C304 and C502 (the black triangle indicates the cyclone center location)
(a)C304 at 1800 UTC 3 Mar 2007, (b)C304 at 0600 UTC 4 Mar 2007, (c)C304 at 1800 UTC 4 Mar 2007, (d)C502 at 0600 UTC 2 May 2016, (e)C502 at 1800 UTC 2 May 2016, (f)C502 at 0600 UTC 3 May 2016
图 6 沿C304和C502气旋中心的湿位涡(实线为正湿位涡，虚线为负湿位涡，单位：PVU)纬向垂直剖面图(黑色三角为地面气旋中心)
(a)2007年3月3日18:00 C304，(b)2007年3月4日06:00 C304，(c)2007年3月4日18:00 C304，(d)2016年5月2日06:00 C502，(e)2016年5月2日18:00 C502，(f)2016年5月3日06:00 C502
Fig. 6 The zonal section of moist potential vorticity(the solid line for positive moist potential vorticity, the dotted line for negative moist potential vorticity, unit:PVU)) along centers of C304 and C502 (the black triangle indicates the cyclone center location)
(a)C304 at 1800 UTC 3 Mar 2007, (b)C304 at 0600 UTC 4 Mar 2007, (c)C304 at 1800 UTC 4 Mar 2007, (d)C502 at 0600 UTC 2 May 2016, (e)C502 at 1800 UTC 2 May 2016, (f)C502 at 0600 UTC 3 May 2016
图 7 沿C304和C502气旋中心的湿位涡(实线为正湿位涡，虚线为负湿位涡，单位：PVU)经向垂直剖面图(黑色三角为地面气旋中心)
(a)2007年3月3日18:00 C304，(b)2007年3月4日06:00 C304，(c)2007年3月4日18:00 C304，(d)2016年5月2日06:00 C502，(e)2016年5月2日18:00 C502，(f)2016年5月3日06:00 C502
Fig. 7 The meridional section of moist potential vorticity(the solid line for positive moist potential vorticity, the dotted line for negative moist potential vorticity, unit:PVU)) along centers of C304 and C502 (the black triangle indicates the cyclone center location)
(a)C304 at 1800 UTC 3 Mar 2007, (b)C304 at 0600 UTC 4 Mar 2007, (c)C304 at 1800 UTC 4 Mar 2007, (d)C502 at 0600 UTC 2 May 2016, (e)C502 at 1800 UTC 2 May 2016, (f)C502 at 0600 UTC 3 May 2016
图 8 200 hPa风速(实线，单位：m·s-1)、风矢量和正散度(填色) (实线箭头线是200 hPa急流轴，黑色圆点为地面气旋中心)
(a)2007年3月3日18:00 C304，(b)2007年3月4日06:00 C304，(c)2007年3月4日18:00 C304，(d)2016年5月2日06:00 C502，(e)2016年5月2日18:00 C502，(f)2016年5月3日06:00 C502
Fig. 8 200 hPa wind speed(the solid line, unit:m·s-1), wind vector(unit:m·s-1)and positive divergence(the shaded) (the solid arrow line is jet stream at 200 hPa, the black dot indicates the cyclone center location)
(a)C304 at 1800 UTC 3 Mar 2007, (b)C304 at 0600 UTC 4 Mar 2007, (c)C304 at 1800 UTC 4 Mar 2007, (d)C502 at 0600 UTC 2 May 2016, (e)C502 at 1800 UTC 2 May 2016, (f)C502 at 0600 UTC 3 May 2016
图 9 C304和C502气旋中心纬向风(实线表示西风，虚线表示东风，单位：m·s-1)和垂直速度(填色)纬向垂直剖面图(黑色三角为地面气旋中心)
(a)2007年3月3日18:00 C304，(b)2007年3月4日00:00 C304，(c)2007年3月4日18:00 C304，(d)2016年5月2日06:00 C502，(e)2016年5月3日00:00 C502，(f)2016年5月3日06:00 C502
Fig. 9 The zonal section of zonal wind(the solid line for west wind, the dotted line for east wind, unit:m·s-1) and vertical velocity(the shaded) along centers of C304 and C502(the black triangle indicates the cyclone center location)
(a)C304 at 1800 UTC 3 Mar 2007, (b)C304 at 0000 UTC 4 Mar 2007, (c)C304 at 1800 UTC 4 Mar 2007, (d)C502 at 0600 UTC 2 May 2016, (e)C502 at 0000 UTC 3 May 2016, (f)C502 at 0600 UTC 3 May 2016
图 10 C304和C502气旋中心纬向风(实线表示西风，虚线表示东风，单位：m·s-1)和垂直速度(填色)经向垂直剖面图(黑色三角为地面气旋中心)
(a)2007年3月3日18:00 C304，(b)2007年3月4日00:00 C304，(c)2007年3月4日18:00 C304，(d)2016年5月2日06:00 C502，(e)2016年5月3日00:00 C502，(f)2016年5月3日06:00 C502
Fig. 10 The meridional section of zonal wind(the solid line for west wind, the dotted line for east wind, unit:m·s-1) and vertical velocity(the shaded) along centers of C304 and C502 (the black triangle indicates the cyclone center location)
(a)C304 at 1800 UTC 3 Mar 2007, (b)C304 at 0000 UTC 4 Mar 2007, (c)C304 at 1800 UTC 4 Mar 2007, (d)C502 at 0600 UTC 2 May 2016, (e)C502 at 0000 UTC 3 May 2016, (f)C502 at 0600 UTC 3 May 2016
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