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The Cause of Night Clear Air Echo of S-band Weather Radar in Beijing
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摘要: S波段天气雷达在夜间往往能探测到大量晴空回波。根据生物随风迁飞迁徙的定向运动特征，结合L波段无线电探空数据与2018年3—10月北京S波段天气雷达数据，分析晴空回波在不同时段、不同风向下的变化，讨论晴空回波产生原因。通过天气雷达数据发现，晴空回波的反射率因子在6—8月初明显小于5月与9月，呈回波强度低谷，同时在5月与9月晴空回波高度可达2 km以上。通过与100 m，750 m和1.5 km高度的探空风向数据对比，反射率因子平均值未展现生物定向迁飞活动所导致的强度变化特征，反射率因子分布不随风向发生明显的季节性变化。与探空数据对比发现，温度垂直递减率与水平风切变大小的变化趋势与组合反射率因子变化趋势一致，认为北京地区晴空回波主要由大气边界层湍流造成。Abstract: S-band weather radar can often detect a large number of clear air echoes at night. However, there are different views on the mechanism of clear air echoes. According to characteristics of biological migration, combined with L-band radiosonde data and Beijing S-band weather radar data from 1 March to 18 October in 2018, changes of clear air echo reflectivity factor in different seasons and wind directions are analyzed to discuss causes of clear air echo. Firstly, characteristics of time variation of clear air echo are analyzed. The intensity of clear air echo in Beijing increases after sunset, weakens before sunrise, and changes little at night. The intensity of echo gradually increases from March to the middle of May, then weakens from July to the first ten days in August, and maintains at a high level since September. In vertical profiles, the fluctuation of high-level echoes, up to the altitude of 2 kilometers, is larger than that of low-level echoes, with an obviously seasonal variation. Secondly, by comparing the relationship between the wind direction and radar data in different periods of time, it is found that the echo is not consistent with the biological activity regularity. The entropy of radar data gray level co-occurrence matrix is also calculated, and there is no rule to follow the biology. Therefore, it is considered that the turbulence is the dominant cause of night clear air echo in Beijing. And then, radiosonde data show that the temperature lapse rate and wind shear are consistent with the seasonal variation of combined reflectivity factor at the altitude from 1 to 2 km. Finally, possible influence factors of clear air echo are inferred based on some phenomena observed.
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图 1 北京S波段天气雷达2018年20:00晴空回波反射率因子(a)4月1日，(b)6月1日，(c)8月1日，(d)10月1日
Fig. 1 Beijing S-band weather radar clear-air echo reflectivity factor at 2000 BT in 2018 (a)1 Apr, (b)1 Jun, (c)1 Aug, (d)1 Oct
图 2 2018年北京S波段天气雷达监测回波变化
(a)4月1日14：00—2日11：00组合反射率因子，(b)6月1日14：00—2日11：00组合反射率因子，(c)10月1日14：00—2日11：00组合反射率因子
Fig. 2 Composite reflectivity of Beijing S-band weather radar
(a)from 1400 BT 1 Apr to 1100 BT 2 Apr in 2018, (b)from 1400 BT 1 Jun to 1100 BT 2 Jun in 2018, (c)from 1400 BT 1 Oct to 1100 BT 2 Oct in 2018
图 3 北京S波段天气雷达2018年3月1日—10月18日每日23:00反射率因子垂直分布
Fig. 3 The vertical distribution of Beijing S-band weather radar reflectivity at 2300 BT from 1 Mar to 18 Oct in 2018
图 4 北京S波段天气雷达2018年3月1日—10月18日每日21:00—次日02：00逐小时组合反射率因子
Fig. 4 Hourly composite reflectivity of Beijing S-band weather radar from 2100 BT to next 0200 BT during 1 Mar-18 Oct in 2018
图 5 2018年3月1日—10月18日北京S波段天气雷达反射率因子在不同时段、不同风向下出现日数
(a)100 m高度，(b)750 m高度，(c)1.5 km高度
Fig. 5 The number of days of Beijing S-band radar reflectivity factor appearing in different wind directions and different periods from 1 Mar to 18 Oct in 2018
(a)at altitude of 100 m, (b)at altitude of 750 m, (c)at altitude of 1.5 km
图 6 2018年3月1日—10月18日每日23:00北京S波段天气雷达雷达数据灰度共生矩阵在100 m，750 m和1.5 km高度的熵
Fig. 6 The entropy of gray level co-occurrence matrix of Beijing S-band radar data at altitudes of 100 m, 750 m and 1.5 km at 2300 BT from 1 Mar to 18 Oct in 2018
图 7 北京地区2018年3月1日—10月18日每日夜间探空数据
(a)理查森数，(b)温度(单位:℃)，(c)相对湿度(单位:%)，(d)水平风速(单位:m·s-1)，(e)温度垂直递减率(单位:℃·(100 m)-1)，(f)水平风切变(单位:(m·s-1)·(100 m)-1)
Fig. 7 Night-time radiosonde data in Beijing from 1 Mar to 18 Oct in 2018
(a)Richardson number, (b)temperature(unit:℃), (c)relative humidity(unit:%), (d)wind speed(unit: m·s-1), (e)temperature vertical decline rate(unit:℃·(100 m)-1), (f)horizontal wind shear(unit:(m·s-1)·(100 m)-1)
图 8 北京地区2018年3月1日—10月18日每日20:00 1~2 km高度温度垂直递减率(a)和水平风切变(b)平均值
Fig. 8 The mean value of 2000 BT temperature vertical decline rate(a) and horizontal wind shear(b) of height from 1 km to 2 km in Beijing from 1 Mar to 18 Oct in 2018
表 1 晴空回波北迁时段(3—7月)与南迁时段(8—10月)反射率因子平均值
(单位: dBZ) Table 1 The mean value of reflectivity factor of clear air echo in northward migration period(Mar-Jul) and southward migration period(Aug-Oct)
(unit:dBZ) 高度 南迁 北迁 北风天气 南风天气 北风天气 南风天气 100 m 13.9 13.9 10.2 10.1 750 m 11.6 9.5 6.5 7.2 1.5 km 12.0 8.2 4.5 8.2 
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