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Effects of Improving Evapotranspiration Parameterization Scheme on WOFOST Model Performance in Simulating Maize Drought Stress Process
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摘要: 分别利用优化蒸散计算（PM方案）、作物系数（CC方案）和二者同时优化（PMCC方案）改进WOFOST模型，基于降水适宜年（2012年）和干旱年（2015年和2018年）在辽宁省锦州开展的玉米分期（4月20日、4月30日和5月10日）播种试验资料评价模型改进效果。结果表明：2012年，PM方案可增大潜在蒸散，CC方案在作物系数小（大）于1时使潜在蒸散减小（增大）；3个方案对叶面积指数、地上生物量和土壤湿度模拟几乎不产生影响。2015年，PM方案的拔节后叶面积指数、地上生物量、产量和土壤湿度较原模型明显减小，蒸腾速率在喇叭口期之前增大，之后减小；CC方案在喇叭口期之前蒸腾速率小于原模型，之后大于原模型，其他4个变量略大于原模型。PMCC方案的各变量模拟值介于PM方案和CC方案之间，3个播期模拟精度叶面积指数分别提高6%，21%和3%，地上生物量分别提高8%，8%和14%，产量分别提高66%，63%和66%。2018年，PMCC方案前两播期地上生物量模拟精度分别提高5%和1%，产量模拟精度分别提高32%和5%。PMCC方案可改善模型在干旱条件下的模型性能。Abstract: To solve the problem on poor performance of crop growth model in simulating crop growth process under water stress, three schemes including improving evapotranspiration parameterization scheme with Penman-Monteith method, building dynamic crop coefficient (Kc) and considering simultaneously two above-mentioned solutions which are respectively named as the PM, CC and PMCC schemes are used to improve WOFOST model. Their effects on model performance in simulating maize drought stress process are evaluated based on experiments of different sowing dates on 20 April, 30 April and 10 May conducted in Jinzhou in the year with normal precipitation (2012) and the dry year (2015 and 2018). The results show that compared with the default model, PM scheme plays a role in increasing potential evapotranspiration and transpiration rate in 2012, while CC scheme decreases (increases) transpiration rate as Kc is larger (smaller) than the model default value 1, respectively. Three schemes hardly affect simulation accuracies of soil moisture in rooted zone, total above ground production, leaf area index (ILA) and yield. In 2015, PM scheme makes ILA, total above ground production yield and soil moisture dramatically smaller than those with the default model after the jointing stage of maize. It also increases (decreases) transpiration rate before (after) the whorl stage of maize. After improving the model with CC scheme, ILA, total above ground production, yield and soil moisture are slightly larger than those simulated by the default model after the whorl stage, and the simulated transpiration rates are smaller (larger) than those simulated by the default model before (after) the whorl stage of maize. Nevertheless, the above-mentioned variables simulated by the improved model with PMCC scheme range between those simulated by the model with PM and CC schemes, and ILA, total above ground production and yield are obviously closer to the observations. Specifically, the mean increments of simulation accuracies for all growth periods in three sowing dates are 6%, 21% and 3% for ILA and 8%, 8% and 14% for total above ground production, respectively. The simulation accuracies of yield for three sowing dates increase by 66%, 63% and 66%, respectively. In 2018, the simulation accuracies of total above ground production and yield for the sowing dates on 20 April and 30 April are obviously improved by PMCC scheme, and increase by 5%, 1% in total above ground production as well as 32%, 5% in yield. Therefore, the model performance with PMCC scheme in simulating maize growth is significantly improved under water stress.
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图 2 不同模拟方案地上生物量的模拟值与实测值对比
Fig. 2 Comparisons of observed and simulated total above ground productions
图 3 玉米关键生育期日最高气温和日最低气温
Fig. 3 Daily maximum and minimum temperature during the key growth periods of maize
图 6 4月30日播期不同模拟方案土壤湿度模拟值与实测值对比
Fig. 6 Comparisons of observed and simulated soil moistures for sowing date on 30 Apr
图 7 4月30日播期不同模拟方案蒸腾速率模拟值
Fig. 7 Simulated transpiration rates of different schemes for sowing date on 30 Apr
图 8 CC方案和PMCC方案4月30日播期作物系数模拟值
Fig. 8 Simulated crop coefficients based on CC and PMCC schemes for sowing date on 30 Apr
表 1 不同播期各生育期出现日期及日序
Table 1 Occurrence dates and days of year in maize growth periods for different sowing date experiments
年份 生育期 04-20播种 04-30播种 05-10播种 日期 日序 日期 日序 日期 日序 2012 三叶 05-12 132 05-15 135 05-23 143 七叶 05-25 145 05-29 149 06-02 153 拔节 06-12 163 06-15 166 06-19 170 抽雄 07-07 188 07-10 191 07-16 197 乳熟 08-14 226 08-20 232 08-24 236 成熟 09-18 261 09-23 266 09-25 268 2015 三叶 05-03 123 05-15 135 05-23 143 七叶 05-24 144 05-28 148 06-03 154 拔节 06-09 160 06-14 165 06-16 167 抽雄 07-11 192 07-14 195 07-17 198 乳熟 08-17 229 08-24 236 08-25 237 成熟 09-17 260 09-24 267 09-26 269 2018 三叶 05-05 125 05-12 132 05-22 142 七叶 05-18 138 05-24 144 06-05 156 拔节 06-11 162 06-12 163 06-17 168 抽雄 07-11 192 07-13 194 07-15 196 乳熟 08-17 229 08-20 232 08-23 235 成熟 09-22 265 09-25 268 09-29 272 
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表 2 2014年不同播期玉米果穗各部分干重及籽粒占比
Table 2 Dry weights of different components of maize ear and ratios of kernel to ear in 2014
播期 穗轴重/g 籽粒重/g 果穗重/g 籽粒果穗比 04-20 36.2 224.9 261.1 0.861 04-30 34.7 197.0 231.8 0.850 05-10 35.4 209.7 245.1 0.856 平均 35.5 210.6 246.0 0.856
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