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Characteristics and Mechanisms of Long-lived Concentric Eyewalls in Typhoon Lekima in 2019
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摘要: 利用CIMSS微波卫星产品和多普勒天气雷达资料，分析超强台风利奇马（1909）的长时间双眼墙特征，并采用集合卡尔曼滤波方法同化雷达径向风资料，诊断利奇马双眼墙的三维结构演变特征。结果表明：在双眼墙演变过程初期，受强垂直风切变和中高层干空气入侵的影响，外眼墙对流减弱，呈非对称特征。Sawyer-Eliassen方程诊断结果显示：台风利奇马（1909）内、外眼墙次级环流之间的相互作用不明显，不同于发生眼墙替换过程的台风，其外眼墙处非绝热加热引起的下沉运动发生在内眼的眼心，内眼墙的上升运动并未受到外眼墙次级环流抑制。另外，在强垂直风切变条件下，非对称的外眼墙不能持续增强收缩并取代内眼墙，因此双眼墙结构得以长时间维持。可见，台风利奇马（1909）外眼墙的非对称结构和特殊的次级环流分布是其双眼墙能够长期维持的重要原因。
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关键词:
- 台风利奇马(1909);
- 双眼墙;
- 同化分析
Abstract: The structure change of typhoon eyewall has important influences on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity, and it brings great difficulties to TC intensity forecast. Compared to the TC with only one eyewall, the dynamic and physical processes controlling the intensity change of concentric eyewalls are much more complex. Strengthening the research on this type of typhoons is conducive to improve the understanding of the structure and intensity change of TC. Recently, the process of eyewall replacement cycle (ERC) is well understood, but the mechanism of concentric eyewalls maintenance (CEM) remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to use a variety of observation data, numerical model, and data assimilation methods to analyze real typhoons to further explore the mechanism of CEM.The evolution of concentric eyewalls in Typhoon Lekima in 2019 is analyzed with CIMSS microwave satellite images, Wenzhou Doppler radar in China and Ishigaki radar in Japan. Observational analysis indicates that secondary eyewall formation (SEF) happens at about 0600 UTC 8 August 2019. Unlike most concentric-eyewall typhoons, Typhoon Lekima has not undergone ERC, and the concentric eyewalls in Typhoon Lekima maintains for 35 hours.Meanwhile, a numerical experiment of Typhoon Lekima is performed using a WRF-based ensemble Kalman filtering (EnKF) data assimilation system. The evolution process of Typhoon Lekima is reproduced by the results of the analysis after assimilating the Ishigaki radar radial wind, and the simulated track, intensity, and structure are basically consistent with observational analysis. Therefore, based on the EnKF analysis fields, evolution characteristics of three-dimensional eyewalls structure in Typhoon Lekima are further analyzed. The results show that, in the initial stage of SEF, the inertial stability of the middle and lower layers of typhoon is high, and the thermal conditions of the environmental are conducive to the development of Typhoon Lekima. However, due to the strong vertical wind shear (VWS) and dry air intrusion in the mid-upper level, the outer eyewall has a weakening and asymmetric process. In addition, the maintenance mechanism of persistent concentric eyewalls is studied from the perspective of transverse circulation. The Sawyer-Eliassen diagnose is performed to investigate the transverse circulation and to reveal that the interference between the convection/subsidence couplet of the inner and outer eyewalls transverse circulation is not obvious so that the convection of the inner eyewall is not inhibited by the outer eyewall, and the inner eyewall maintains. Under the condition of strong VWS, the asymmetric outer eyewall cannot continuously enhance or contract and replace the inner eyewall, the structure of concentric eyewalls can be maintained for a long time. The structure of the outer eyewall and the distribution of transverse circulation in Typhoon Lekima play an important role in the maintenance of concentric eyewalls. -
图 1 2019年8月3日18:00—14日12:00日本石垣岛雷达(蓝色圆圈)和中国温州雷达(红色圆圈)的扫描覆盖范围与台风利奇马(1909)实测路径示意图(3 h间隔)
Fig. 1 The scanning coverage of Ishigaki radar in Japan (the blue circle) and Wenzhou radar in China(the red circle) with the best track of Typhoon Lekima from 1800 UTC 3 Aug to 1200 UTC 14 Aug in 2019(3 h interval)
图 2 雷达反射率因子
(a)2019年8月8日14:00日本石垣岛雷达，(b)2019年8月9日07:00中国温州雷达
Fig. 2 The radar reflectivity in Aug 2019
(a)Ishigaki radar in Japan at 1400 UTC 8 Aug 2019, (b)Wenzhou radar in China at 0700 UTC 9 Aug 2019
图 3 2019年8月8日台风利奇马(1909)同化结果与观测对比
(a)00:00—18:00路径，(b)06:00—18:00中心最低海平面气压
Fig. 3 Assimilation results and observations of Typhoon Lekima on 8 Aug 2019
(a)track from 0000 UTC to 1800 UTC, (b)minimum sea level pressure from 0600 UTC to 1800 UTC
图 5 2019年8月8日轴对称的切向风速(等值线，单位：m·s-1)和非绝热加热(填色)
Fig. 5 The axisymmetric tangential wind(the contour, unit:m·s-1) and diabatic heating(the shaded) on 8 Aug 2019
图 6 2019年8月8日轴对称的径向风速(等值线，单位：m·s-1)和垂直速度(填色)
Fig. 6 The axisymmetric radial wind(the contour, unit:m·s-1) and vertical velocity(the shaded) on 8 Aug 2019
图 8 2019年8月8日分析场2 km高度雷达反射率因子
Fig. 8 The radar reflectivity at 2 km height in analysis field on 8 Aug 2019
图 10 2019年8月8日500 hPa相对湿度(填色)和风矢量(箭头)
Fig. 10 The relative humidity(the shaded) and wind vector(the arrow) at 500 hPa on 8 Aug 2019
图 11 Sawyer-Eliassen方程诊断的2019年8月8日15:00径向风速(等值线，单位：m·s-1)和垂直速度(填色)
(a)内、外眼墙共同加热，(b)仅内眼墙加热，(c)仅外眼墙加热
Fig. 11 The radial wind(the contour, unit:m·s-1) and vertical velocity(the shaded) for Sawyer-Eliassen diagnosis at 1500 UTC 8 Aug 2019
(a)heated by inner and outer eyewalls, (b)heated by inner eyewall only, (c)heated by outer eyewall only
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