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Observation Analysis and Application Evaluation of Wind Profile Radar to Diagnosing the Boundary Layer of Landing Typhoon
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摘要: 利用2014—2019年6个台风合计34组数据，通过与机动式边界层风廓线雷达以及同点探空数据进行对比，分析风廓线雷达对登陆台风边界层结构诊断的适用性。初步分析表明：有30组数据完整度高于80%，且平均标准差为3.64 m·s-1，平均误差为4.67 m·s-1。30组数据中有19组数据的对比结果较好，均呈现风廓线雷达与探空廓线在250 m高度以上重合度较高、250 m高度以下重合度较低的特征，其原因可能与探空低层加速以及风廓线雷达低层受干扰有关。将250 m高度以下的数据剔除后和剔除前对比发现，数据质量得到提高。从空间分布看，低质量数据大多分布在台风中心距离观测点200 km及以外的区域，但较高质量数据相对于台风中心并无明显的倾向性分布。从降水分布看，未发现数据质量与降水关系明显。尽管使用的数据比较有限，但风廓线雷达在台风边界层结构观测中展现较好应用潜力。Abstract: The feasibility of wind profile radar in typhoon observation is investigated with 6 cases including Feng-wong(1422), Chan-hom(1509), Nepartak(1601), Meranti(1614), Megi(1617), and Lekima(1909) during 2014 to 2019. Thirty-four groups datasets, including the Airda 3000 boundary layer wind profile radar, GPS balloon sounding and PARSIVEL laser precipitation data are analyzed.Preliminary analysis show that 30 out of 34 datasets satisfy the prerequisite condition of greater than 80% data completion. The average wind speed standard deviation of these 30 datasets is about 3.64 m·s-1 and the average difference is 4.67 m·s-1. Furthermore, 19 out of the 34 datasets achieve good results (standard deviation less than 4 m·s-1) when the observation by wind profile radar and sounding agree well above 250 m altitude, though they overlap less below that altitude. The sounding wind speed is observed to be much smaller than the wind profile radar data for altitudes below 250 m, which is possibly caused by the fact that sounding accelerates from stationary to consistent with environmental winds below 250 m altitude in typhoon environment, or by the disturbance in lower atmosphere of wind profile radar. Thus, ignoring the lowest 250 m altitude, the standard deviation of wind profile radar and balloon sounding decrease remarkably. This may imply that wind profile radar has high feasibility in boundary layer from 250 m altitude to the layer top under typhoon environment. In addition, data with lower validity are always located in the region which is about more than 200 km away from typhoon center, while the distribution of high validity data observation show no obvious pattern and locates from typhoon center to the outer region. There is also no significant relationship found between data validity and precipitation intensity. These may imply that wind profile radar have great potential under the condition of heavy precipitation and severe wind. The analysis of data with lower validity indicates that the distribution of humidity in typhoon and local disturbance cause uneven wind in the radar detection beam. In addition, because the coastal areas of Zhejiang and Fujian are mostly hilly terrain, the low-level circulation structure of typhoon is destroyed by terrain, which may also be one cause for the poor match of horizontal wind speed.Despite the limited data, wind profile radar shows a very hopeful potential and high validity in the observation and diagnosis of boundary layer even in severe convective weather environment such as typhoon inner core region.
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图 1 台风凤凰(1416)、台风灿鸿(1509)、台风尼伯特(1601)、台风莫兰蒂(1614)、台风鲇鱼(1617)及台风利奇马(1909)路径图
(五边形为对台风凤凰及台风灿鸿进行观测时所在的位置，叉号为对台风利奇马进行观测时所在位置，菱形为对台风莫兰蒂进行观测时所在位置，五角星为对台风尼伯特以及台风鲇鱼进行观测时所在的位置)
Fig. 1 Typhoon tracks (pentagon is the observation location of Typhoon Fung-wong(1416) and Chan-hom(1509), cross is the observation location of Lekima(1909),rhombus is the observation location of Typhoon Meranti(1614),star is the observation location of Typhoon Nepartak(1601) and Typhoon Megi(1617))
图 2 3000 m高度探空气球与观测点(极点) 相对位置
Fig. 2 The position of sounding relative to the observation point (polar center) at 3000 m altitude
图 3 风廓线雷达与探空在不同高度上的水平风速对比
Fig. 3 Comparison of horizontal wind speed between wind profile radar and sounding
图 4 风廓线雷达与探空水平风速对比
(蓝色实线代表去趋势后的比湿廓线)
Fig. 4 Comparison of horizontal wind speed between wind profile radar and sounding
(blue solid line represents specific humidity after detrend)
图 5 两廓线第1次相交的高度
(虚线为平均相交高度)
Fig. 5 First intersection height between wind profile radar and sounding
(dashed line is average height)
图 6 风廓线雷达与探空的水平风速对比
(蓝色实线代表去趋势后的比湿廓线)
Fig. 6 Comparison of horizontal wind speed between wind profile radar and sounding
(blue solid line represents specific humidity after detrend)
图 7 风廓线雷达与探空在剔除250 m高度以下数据前后水平风速的对比
Fig. 7 Comparison of horizontal wind speed before and after removing data below 250 m altitude between wind profile radar and sounding
图 8 台风鲇鱼(1617)的风向与风速的变化
Fig. 8 Change of wind direction and wind speed in Typhoon Megi(1617)
图 9 观测点与台风中心相对位置(a)及其离散程度随距离的分布(b)
(极点为观测点所在位置)
Fig. 9 The relative position of observation point and typhoon center(a) and its dispersion distribution with distance(b)
(polar center is observation point)
图 10 不同台风影响下观测点降水强度变化的时间序列
(虚线代表与施放探空气球对应时间的风廓线雷达数据采集时间)
Fig. 10 Time series of rainfall intensity affected by different typhoon
(dashed line represents the wind profile radar data collection time corresponding to the time when the sounding is released)
图 11 风廓线雷达数据可用性与降水强度之关系
(绿色、黑色及紫色虚线分别代表小雨、中雨及大雨)
(a)标准差, (b)均方根误差Fig. 11 Relationship between wind profile radar data quality and rainfall intensity
(green, black and purple dotted lines represent light rain, moderate rain and heavy rain, respectively)
(a)standard deviation, (b)root mean squared error表 1 风廓线雷达以及探空数据采集时间
Table 1 Collection time of wind profile radar and sounding
台风名称 风廓线雷达 探空 距台风中心距离/km 凤凰(1416) 2014-09-22T01:00 2014-09-22T01:00 108.5 2014-09-22T03:00 2014-09-22T03:00 77.4 2014-09-22T05:00 2014-09-22T05:00 49.3 2014-09-22T08:00 2014-09-22T08:00 33.9 2014-09-22T11:00 2014-09-22T11:00 61.8 2014-09-22T15:00 2014-09-22T15:00 112.8 2014-09-22T18:00 2014-09-22T18:00 143.2 灿鸿(1509) 2015-07-10T03:00 2015-07-10T03:00 439.4 2015-07-10T06:00 2015-07-10T06:00 382.1 2015-07-10T23:00 2015-07-10T23:00 128.0 2015-07-11T03:00 2015-07-11T03:00 117.0 2015-07-11T06:00 2015-07-11T06:00 133.6 尼伯特(1601) 2016-07-09T00:50 2016-07-09T00:49 305.7 2016-07-09T02:55 2016-07-09T02:55 300.0 2016-07-09T08:15 2016-07-09T08:16 277.0 2016-07-09T11:40 2016-07-09T11:41 292.9 莫兰蒂(1614) 2016-09-14T23:35 2016-09-14T23:34 134.3 2016-09-15T02:45 2016-09-15T02:46 185.4 鲇鱼(1617) 2016-09-27T17:10 2016-09-27T17:10 297.7 2016-09-27T20:05 2016-09-27T20:06 267.1 2016-09-27T23:20 2016-09-27T23:19 268.0 2016-09-28T01:55 2016-09-28T01:54 368.6 利奇马(1909) 2019-08-09T02:30 2019-08-09T02:32 362.2 2019-08-09T04:00 2019-08-09T04:00 348.3 2019-08-09T07:00 2019-08-09T06:59 312.6 2019-08-09T09:10 2019-08-09T09:12 290.5 2019-08-09T11:20 2019-08-09T11:18 280.1 2019-08-09T13:25 2019-08-09T13:23 259.1 2019-08-09T16:00 2019-08-09T15:58 221.8 2019-08-09T18:20 2019-08-09T18:22 201.8 2019-08-09T21:35 2019-08-09T21:34 196.5 2019-08-09T23:05 2019-08-09T23:07 195.3 2019-08-10T03:50 2019-08-10T03:50 176.1 2019-08-10T13:35 2019-08-10T13:36 231.9 
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