美味系猕猴桃越冬冻害指标

柏秦凤; 王景红; 李化龙; 张维敏; 郭建平; 张焘; 贺晨昕

doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20210411

美味系猕猴桃越冬冻害指标

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210411

1.
陕西省农业遥感与经济作物气象服务中心, 西安 710016
2.
中国气象科学研究院, 北京 100081
3.
陕西省渭南市气象局, 渭南 714000

资助项目:

国家重点研发计划 2019YFD1002202

详细信息

通信作者:
柏秦凤, 邮箱: qinfeng333@163.com

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-04-02
- 修回日期: 2021-05-25
- 刊出日期: 2021-07-31

Freezing Injury Indicator of Tasty Kiwifruit During Overwintering Period

1.
Shaanxi Meteorological Service Center of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Economic Crops, Xi'an 710016
2.
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081
3.
Weinan Meteorological Bureau of Shaanxi Province, Weinan 714000

摘要

摘要: 通过对1991—2020年越冬期灾害调查、历史灾情查阅和专家评估，初步建立美味系猕猴桃越冬冻害症状及对应指标的3级评价标准。基于对美味系猕猴桃陕西及河南4个主栽县28例灾害个例致灾因子的主成分分析和K-means聚类分析，构建了美味系猕猴桃越冬冻害的综合指标及分级标准，并用3个主栽县资料进行验证。结果表明：美味系猕猴桃越冬冻害轻度、中度、重度发生的低温指标（T_D）分别为-12.0℃ < T_D≤-8.0℃，-15.0℃ < T_D≤-12.0℃，T_D≤-15.0℃；综合气候致灾因子包括过程极端最低气温（X₁）、-8.0℃以下低温持续日数（X₂）、-8.0℃以下负积温的绝对值（X₃）、-8.0℃以下过程有害积寒（X₄）；美味系猕猴桃越冬冻害轻度、中度、重度发生的综合指标（I_h）分别为-2.08 < I_h≤0.82，0.82 < I_h≤2.15，I_h＞2.15；美味系猕猴桃越冬冻害低温指标及综合指标等级划分在3个县验证应用结果均与实际情况基本相符。研究成果可为我国美味系猕猴桃越冬期冻害的防御和评价、产业布局优化、引种等提供参考依据。
- 美味系猕猴桃;
- 越冬冻害;
- 指标;
- 主成分分析;
- K-means聚类分析
Abstract: China has the largest artificial planting area of kiwifruit, of which 67% is tasty kiwifruit. Tasty kiwifruit is mainly distributed in the north foot of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province (about 40% of the national kiwifruit industry scale), and Funiu Mountain and Tongbai Mountain in Henan Province (about 20% of the national kiwifruit industry scale). These two producing areas locate in the northern edge of China's kiwifruit planting area, where the risk of overwintering freezing injury is high to cause great economic losses to fruit farmers. Therefore, it is especially important to study the freezing injury indicator of tasty kiwifruit for the introduction and expansion of tasty kiwifruit, disaster prevention and mitigation, and stable development of the industry.Through disaster investigation, expert interview, data research and other methods, 7 large-scale freezing injury cases of tasty kiwifruit in 1991, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2015 and 2020 are selected. The disaster cases of four counties, namely Huyi, Zhouzhi, Meixian and Tongbai are used as samples. The critical occurrence indicator of the overwintering freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit is determined as -8.0 ℃. The low temperature indicator (T_D) of mild, moderate and severe freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit are determined as follows: -12.0 ℃ < T_D ≤ -8.0 ℃, -15.0 ℃ < T_D ≤ -12.0 ℃, and T_D ≤ -15.0 ℃. Four factors are defined as: Winter minimum temperature (X₁), days of low temperature below -8.0 ℃ (X₂), absolute value of negative accumulated temperature below -8 ℃ (X₃), and process harmful accumulated cold below -8 ℃ (X₄). Using principal component analysis and K-means clustering analysis, the comprehensive indicator (I_h) of tasty kiwifruit overwintering freezing injury is constructed, and the ranges of I_h for different levels of freezing injury are as follows: -2.08 < I_h ≤ 0.82 for mild freezing injury, 0.82 < I_h ≤ 2.15 for moderate freezing injury, and I_h>2.15 for severe freezing injury. The indicators mentioned above are verified by the freezing injury cases of tasty kiwifruit in Changan, Wugong and Xixia counties. The results show that low temperature indicators and comprehensive indicators of overwintering freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit are basically consistent with the actual situation. The results can support the prevention and evaluation of the freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit during overwintering period, and also can provide reference for industrial layout optimization and introduction of tasty kiwifruit in China.
- tasty kiwifruit;
- overwintering freezing injury;
- indicator;
- principal component analysis;
- K-means clustering analysis

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表 1 美味系猕猴桃主要栽培县地理气候概况

Table 1 Geography and climate in main cultivation counties of tasty kiwifruit

栽培县	地理位置	海拔/m	11月—次年2月最低气温/℃
鄠邑	34.1°N, 108.6°E	411.0	-14.5
周至	34.1°N, 108.2°E	436.0	-14.3
眉县	34.3°N, 107.7°E	517.6	-16.1
长安	34.1°N, 108.9°E	445.0	-17.4
武功	34.3°N, 108.2°E	471.0	-17.7
桐柏	32.4°N, 113.4°E	153.0	-16.8
西峡	33.3°N, 111.5°E	250.3	-11.5

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表 2 美味系猕猴桃7次越冬冻害最低气温与灾损率调查表

Table 2 Minimum temperatures and damage rates of overwintering freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit

越冬期	鄠邑		眉县		周至		桐柏
越冬期	最低气温/℃	灾损率/%	最低气温/℃	灾损率/%	最低气温/℃	灾损率/%	最低气温/℃	灾损率/%
1991年	-13.5	70	-15.6	70	-14.3	70	-16.8	70
2002年	-11	50	-16.1	70	-11.7	30	-8.2	30
2007年	-9.5	30	-12.1	30	-10.4	30	-11.3	50
2009年	-6.3	0	-9.7	30	-8.5	30	-6.6	0
2011年	-8.7	30	-14.1	30	-13.7	50	-7.4	30
2015年	-14.0	50	-12.3	30	-12.4	30	-10.2	30
2020年	-11.2	30	-11.2	30	-11.5	30	-8.8	30

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表 3 美味系猕猴桃越冬冻害低温指标和症状表现

Table 3 Low temperature indicators and symptoms of overwintering freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit

级别	低温指标	主要冻害症状表现
轻度	-12.0℃＜T_D≤-8.0℃	树体有部分一年生枝脱水皱缩，或虽没有表现皱缩，但切断枝条髓部表现褐色，其他部位基本不受影响；整个树体春季大部分枝条能正常萌芽；对当年减产影响小于30%
中度	-15.0℃＜T_D≤-12.0℃	树体上部大部分枝条脱水皱缩，或虽没有表现皱缩，但切断枝条髓部表现褐色；部分主杆受冻，树皮开裂；春季部分枝条不能正常萌芽，个别主杆受冻严重的树死亡；对当年减产影响小于50%
重度	T_D≤-15.0℃	树体上部几乎所有枝条脱水皱缩，切断枝条髓部表现深褐色；多数主杆受冻开裂；春季地上部几乎所有枝蔓死亡，春季不能萌发新叶，部分枝蔓基部可发出萌蘖，部分植株整株死亡；对当年减产影响50%以上

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表 4 周至、眉县、鄠邑、桐柏美味系猕猴桃越冬冻害致灾因子及灾损率

Table 4 Disaster factors and damage rates of overwintering freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit at Zhouzhi, Meixian, Huyi and Tongbai

受灾县(区)	越冬期	X₁/℃	X₂/d	X₃/(℃·d)	X₄/(℃·d)	L/%
	1991年	-14.3	8	17.5	1.06	70
	2002年	-11.7	5	4.8	0.34	30
	2007年	-10.4	4	3.5	0.21	30
周至	2009年	-8.5	2	0.5	0.02	30
	2011年	-13.7	6	12.3	0.60	50
	2015年	-12.4	6	15.3	0.74	30
	2020年	-11.5	6	10.1	1.09	30
	1991年	-15.6	8	23.3	1.47	70
	2002年	-16.1	12	36.4	1.90	70
	2007年	-12.1	11	14.8	0.86	30
眉县	2009年	-9.7	9	6.3	0.30	30
	2011年	-14.1	8	21.0	0.93	30
	2015年	-12.3	5	10.8	0.56	30
	2020年	-11.2	5	6.4	0.70	30
	1991年	-13.5	6	12.7	0.82	70
	2002年	-11.0	5	4.7	0.35	50
	2007年	-9.5	2	2.3	0.15	30
鄠邑	2009年	-6.3	0	0.0	0.00	0
	2011年	-8.7	1	0.7	0.05	30
	2015年	-14.0	5	17.1	0.80	50
	2020年	-11.2	6	11.5	0.83	30
	1991年	-16.8	6	19.1	0.81	70
	2002年	-8.2	2	0.3	0.01	30
	2007年	-11.3	4	5.0	0.21	50
桐柏	2009年	-6.6	0	0.0	0.00	0
	2011年	-7.4	0	0.0	0.00	30
	2015年	-10.2	2	3.3	0.13	30
	2020年	-8.8	2	1.1	0.04	30

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表 5 各致灾因子及美味系猕猴桃越冬冻害灾损率的相关性

Table 5 The correlations between the disaster factors and the damage rates of overwintering freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit

要素	X₁/℃	X₂/d	X₃/(℃·d)	X₄/(℃·d)	L/%
X₁/℃	1	-0.782	-0.895	-0.851	-0.823
X₂/d		1	0.838	0.843	0.575
X₃/(℃·d)			1	0.948	0.680
X₄/(℃·d)				1	0.654

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表 6 武功、长安、西峡7次美味系猕猴桃越冬冻害过程低温指标、综合指标与灾损率

Table 6 The low temperature indicators, comprehensive indicators and damage rates of overwintering freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit at Wugong, Changan and Xixia

越冬期	武功			长安			西峡
越冬期	T_D/℃	I_h	L/%	T_D/℃	I_h	L/%	T_D/℃	I_h	L/%
1991年	-17.7	2.79	70	-17.3	2.94	70	-11.5	-1.10	30
2002年	-12.1	0.22	30	-15.0	1.62	50	-8.0	-2.14	30
2007年	-12.1	0.87	30	-12.7	0.63	30	-6.7	-2.43	0
2009年	-9.0	-1.08	30	-10.6	-0.05	30	-7.5	-2.33	0
2011年	-13.1	0.27	30	-12.7	-0.14	30	-6.2	-2.50	0
2015年	-14.9	1.82	50	-17.4	2.70	70	-7.0	-2.39	0
2020年	-12.9	1.34	30	-13.9	1.38	50	-7.0	-2.44	0

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美味系猕猴桃越冬冻害指标

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210411

通信作者:
柏秦凤, 邮箱: qinfeng333@163.com

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Freezing Injury Indicator of Tasty Kiwifruit During Overwintering Period

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美味系猕猴桃越冬冻害指标

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210411

通信作者: 柏秦凤, 邮箱: qinfeng333@163.com

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Freezing Injury Indicator of Tasty Kiwifruit During Overwintering Period

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出版历程

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通信作者:
柏秦凤, 邮箱: qinfeng333@163.com