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Freezing Injury Index of Kiwifruit Branches for Main Varieties Under Simulated Low Temperature
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摘要: 越冬冻害是猕猴桃的主要气象灾害，为探讨低温对猕猴桃的伤害机理，建立猕猴桃越冬冻害指标体系，2020年12月—2021年2月利用MSX-2F霜箱系统模拟越冬期低温过程，采用组织褐变率、细胞伤害率等参数对结果母枝冻害特征进行定量描述，通过冻害指数与低温的Logistic关系模型，研究6个主栽品种结果母枝冻害特征。结果表明：结果母枝主芽半致死温度以海沃德最低，为-16.5 ℃，瑞玉、徐香、金福居中，分别为-14.8 ℃，-14.9 ℃和-14.2 ℃，翠香、红阳较高，分别为-13.4 ℃，-13.8 ℃。-16 ℃~-10 ℃低温主要影响结果母枝主芽活性，-16 ℃为主芽受冻向副芽受冻的转折点，低于-18 ℃对主、副芽活性均有伤害，-20 ℃以下低温可造成结果母枝大量死亡。品种间抗冻性能，以海沃德最强，瑞玉、金福、徐香居中，翠香、红阳最弱。以结果母枝芽冻害指数为主要参数，构建6个主产品种猕猴桃结果母枝5级低温冻害指标，对应类型和温度阈值如下：1级为轻度减产型，-11.0 ℃~-10.5 ℃；2级为中度减产型，-14.5 ℃~-10.5 ℃；3级为重度减产型，-16.5 ℃~-12.0 ℃；4级为绝收型，-20.0 ℃~-13.5 ℃；5级为致死型，-20.0 ℃~-15.0 ℃。Abstract: Low temperature freezing injury is the main meteorological disaster affecting the yield and quality of kiwifruit in China. To explore the damage mechanism of low temperature stress on kiwifruit and establish the indices of kiwifruit overwintering freezing injury, the impacts on fruit parent branches of kiwifruit are investigated by simulating natural freezing injury process with MSX-2F artificial simulated frost box system. Growth recovery method, tissue browning method, cell freezing point temperature method and cell membrane damage rate method are used to describe the characteristics of freezing injury quantitatively. By establishing the logistic analysis model of the relationship between freezing injury index and low temperature, the characteristics of freezing injury of 6 varieties are studied systematically. The results show that the response of different varieties to low temperature are significantly different. The supercooling point of Ruiyu and Hayward are lower, which are -3.4 ℃ and -3.2 ℃, respectively. The supercooling point of Xuxiang, Jinfu and Cuixiang are basically similar, which are -2.0 ℃, -1.7 ℃ and -1.7 ℃, respectively. The supercooling point of Hongyang is the highest, which is -1.4 ℃. The half-lethal temperature of buds of Hayward (-16.5 ℃) is the lowest. The half-lethal temperature of Ruiyu (-14.8 ℃), Xuxiang (-14.9 ℃) and Jinfu (-14.2 ℃) is intermediate. And the half-lethal temperature of Cuixiang (-13.4 ℃) and Hongyang (-13.8 ℃) are the highest. The differences in the degree and site of injury caused by different intensities of low temperature are significant. The freezing injury caused by -16 ℃ to -10 ℃ mainly affects the activity of the main bud of the resulting parent shoot. When the temperature is below -18 ℃, the low temperature damages the activity of main and secondary buds. And when the temperature is below -20 ℃, a large number of parent shoots are killed by low temperature injury. Among varieties, the frost resistance of Hayward is the strongest, Ruiyu, Jinfu and Xuxiang are the middle, and Cuixiang and Hongyang are the weakest. Taking the freezing injury index of the resulting parent branch bud as the main parameter, the 5-grade low temperature freezing injury index of the resulting parent branch is constructed by different varieties. Its freezing temperature ranges of level 1-5 are -11.0 ℃ to -10.5 ℃, -14.5 ℃ to -10.5 ℃, -16.5 ℃ to -12.0 ℃, -20.0 ℃ to -13.5 ℃, -20.0 ℃ to -15.0 ℃, respectively.
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图 1 猕猴桃越冬期冻害过程温度变化曲线
Fig. 1 Temperature of freezing injury during overwintering for kiwifruit
图 2 不同强度冻害过程猕猴桃结果母枝芽存留率
Fig. 2 The bud retention rates of kiwifruit branch under different freezing injury intensities
图 3 不同强度冻害过程猕猴桃结果母枝芽冻伤率
Fig. 3 The bud frostbite rates of kiwifruit branch under different freezing injury intensities
图 4 不同强度冻害过程猕猴桃结果母枝芽褐变率
Fig. 4 The bud browning rates of kiwifruit branch under different freezing injury intensities
图 5 不同强度冻害过程猕猴桃结果母枝芽冻害指数
Fig. 5 The bud freezing injury index of kiwifruit branch under different freezing injury intensities
图 6 不同强度冻害过程下猕猴桃结果母枝冻害指数
Fig. 6 The freezing injury index of kiwifruit branch under different freezing injury intensities
图 7 不同低温强度下猕猴桃结果母枝细胞伤害率
Fig. 7 The cell damage rates of kiwifruit branch under different low temperature intensities
表 1 猕猴桃芽座、枝条冻害程度形态分级标准
Table 1 Morphological grading standard of freeze injury degree of kiwifruit bud base and branch
类别 冻害等级 冻害程度形态表现 芽座 0 主芽正常萌发；或未萌发但芽座海绵体正常、主芽轴正常，芽座活性未受低温影响，为正常芽 1 主芽芽轴褐变或干枯，不能萌发出结果枝，丧失结果能力；芽座海绵体正常，副芽存活，可萌发出营养枝，为冻伤芽 2 主芽芽轴褐变或干枯，不能萌发出结果枝，丧失结果能力；芽座海绵体褐变，副芽也丧失萌发力，不能萌发出营养枝，影响次年结果，为褐变芽 枝条 0 韧皮部鲜绿正常 1 韧皮部大部绿色，局部褐变 2 韧皮部大部褐变，局部存有绿色 3 韧皮部失绿褐变 
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表 2 不同猕猴桃品种结果母枝过冷却点和结冰点温度
Table 2 Temperatures of supercooling point and freezing point for different kiwifruit varieties
温度 海沃德 徐香 金福 瑞玉 翠香 红阳 过冷却点/℃ -3.2 -2.0 -1.7 -3.4 -1.7 -1.4 结冰点/℃ -1.4 -0.8 -0.7 -1.8 -0.6 -0.2 跃升值/℃ 1.8 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.1 1.2
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表 3 猕猴桃芽座冻害指数与低温强度Logistic拟合方程
Table 3 Logistic fitting equations between freezing injury index of kiwifruit bud base and low temperature intensity
品种 拟合方程 半致死温度/℃ 拟合度 翠香 F=100/(1+2461.96e0.75x)* -13.4 0.69 海沃德 F=100/(1+240.06e0.43x)** -16.5 0.97 红阳 F=100/(1+9541.10e0.85x)* -13.8 0.71 金福 F=100/(1+16974.71e0.88x)** -14.2 0.84 瑞玉 F=100/(1+454.54e0.53x)* -14.8 0.83 徐香 F=100/(1+1642.33e0.64x)** -14.9 0.85 注:**表示达到0.01显著性水平，*表示达到0.05显著性水平。
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表 4 6种猕猴桃结果母枝低温冻害分级指标
Table 4 The grading indexes of low temperature freezing injury for 6 varieties of kiwifruit branch
品种 结果母枝低温冻害等级温度(T/℃) 1级 2级 3级 4级 5级 翠香 T≥-10.5 -12.0 ≤T＜-10.5 -13.5≤T＜-12.0 -15.0≤T＜-13.5 T＜-15.0 海沃德 T≥-11.5 -14.5≤T＜-11.5 -16.5≤T＜-14.5 -20.0≤T＜-16.5 T＜-20.0 红阳 T≥-11.0 -13.0≤T＜-11.0 -14.0≤T＜-13.0 -15.5≤T＜-14.0 T＜-15.5 金福 T≥-11.5 -13.0≤T＜-11.5 -14.0≤T＜-13.0 -16.0≤T＜-14.0 T＜-16.0 瑞玉 T≥-10.5 -13.0≤T＜-10.5 -15.0≤T＜-13.0 -17.5≤T＜-15.0 T＜-17.5 徐香 T≥-11.5 -13.5≤T＜-11.5 -15.0≤T＜-13.5 -17.0≤T＜-15.0 T＜-17.0
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