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Aircraft Measurement of Microphysical Characteristics of a Topographic Cloud Precipitation in Qilian Mountains
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摘要: 祁连山是我国西北地区重要的生态屏障,地形云是祁连山主要降水云系,加强对祁连山云微物理过程的认识,对科学有效开展人工增雨作业、改善生态环境具有重要意义。利用2020年8月29日祁连山一次地形云降水过程的飞机观测数据,研究祁连山地区夏季云降水过程的微物理特征。此次降水过程云系呈明显的分层结构,云底高度为4000 m,整层含水量较丰富,云水大值区出现在4500~5300 m高度,与云滴高浓度区对应,云水含量主要由粒子直径为15~20 μm的云滴粒子贡献。小云粒子和大云粒子平均浓度分别为7.54 cm-3和0.86 cm-3,有效直径平均值分别为11.02 μm和198.11 μm,呈现出浓度小、直径大的特征。云系翻越祁连山过程中南北坡云微物理特征有明显变化,北坡（背风坡）粒子浓度、直径和液态水含量明显大于南坡（迎风坡）。祁连山地区不同高度小云粒子谱呈单峰型分布,Gamma分布可较好拟合直径小于50 μm的云滴谱,直径大于50 μm的云粒子谱更符合幂指数分布。凝华和聚并是冰相层冰雪晶的增长机制,混合层冰晶增长以贝吉龙过程为主,并伴有凇附和聚并生长。Abstract: Qilian Mountains are an important ecological barrier in Northwest China. The precipitation in Qilian Mountains is mainly caused by topographical cloud system. Aircraft detection in Qilian Mountains is of great significance for deepening the understanding of cloud microphysical processes, and for scientifically and effectively carrying out artificial precipitation operations to improve the ecological environment. Using the airborne observations of a topographic cloud precipitation process in Qilian Mountains on 29 August 2020, the microphysical characteristics of the summer cloud precipitation process in Qilian Mountains are studied. The cloud system presents an obvious layered structure. The height of the cloud base is 4000 m, and the water content of the whole layer is relatively rich. The liquid water content (L) is between 0.65 and 1.1 g·m-3, and the cloud water large value area appears at 4500-5300 m altitude, which has a high concentration of cloud droplets. The water content of cloud water is mainly contributed by cloud droplets between 15 and 20 μm. The average concentrations of small cloud particles and large cloud particles are 7.54 cm-3 and 0.86 cm-3. The average effective diameters of small cloud particles and large cloud particles are 11.02 μm and 198.11 μm. The cloud particles in Qilian Mountains have the characteristics of small concentration and large diameter. There are obvious differences in cloud microphysical characteristics between the north and south slopes of Qilian Mountains. Affected by the topography, the concentration and diameter of cloud droplets on the northern slope are larger than those on the southern slope, and L on the northern slope are significantly larger than those on the southern slope too. The spectra of cloud droplets at different heights in Qilian Mountains are respectively unimodal distribution. The spectrum of cloud droplets with a diameter less than 50 μm can be fitted by Gamma distribution, while the spectrum of cloud droplets with a diameter greater than 50 μm shows a power exponent distribution. The ice crystals in the ice layer are mainly grown through the process of sublimation and coalescence. The growth mechanism of the ice crystals in the mixed layer is mainly the Bergeron process, and accompanied by attachment and aggregation growth.
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图 1 2020年8月29日飞机探测轨迹
(填色为海拔高度)
Fig. 1 Detecting flight trajectory on 29 Aug 2020
(the shaded denotes the altitude)
图 2 2020年8月29日张掖站C波段多普勒天气雷达在38°21′N,100°37′E的反射率因子随时间变化
Fig. 2 Time change of vertical profile of reflectivity factor at 38°21′N, 100°37′E observed by C-band Doppler radar at Zhangye on 29 Aug 2020
图 3 2020年8月29日6200 m高度云微物理量水平分布特征(a)液态水含量和温度,(b)CAS浓度和有效直径,(c)CAS谱,(d)CIP浓度和有效直径,(e)CIP谱,(f)PIP浓度和有效直径,(g)PIP谱
Fig. 3 Horizontal distribution characteristics of cloud microphysics at 6200 m altitude on 29 Aug 2020 (a)liquid water content and temperature, (b)concentration and effective diameter of CAS, (c)spectrum of CAS, (d)concentration and effective diameter of CIP, (e)spectrum of CIP, (f)concentration and effective diameter of PIP, (g)spectrum of PIP
图 4 2020年8月29日6800 m高度云微物理量水平分布特征(a)液态水含量和温度,(b)CAS浓度和有效直径,(c)CAS谱,(d)CIP浓度和有效直径,(e)CIP谱,(f)PIP浓度和有效直径,(g)PIP谱
Fig. 4 Horizontal distribution characteristics of cloud microphysics at 6800 m altitude on 29 Aug 2020 (a)liquid water content and temperature,(b)concentration and effective diameter of CAS, (c)spectrum of CAS,(d)concentration and effective diameter of CIP,(e)spectrum of CIP, (f)concentration and effective diameter of PIP,(g)spectrum of PIP
图 5 2020年8月29日10:16—10:42祁连山南侧门源站探测的云微物理量垂直分布(a)温度及液态水含量,(b)CAS粒子浓度及直径,(c)CIP粒子浓度及直径,(d)PIP粒子浓度及直径
Fig. 5 Vertical distribution of cloud microphysical quantities detected from 1016 BT to 1042 BT at Menyuan on the south side of Qilian Mountains on 29 Aug 2020 (a)temperature and liquid water content, (b)particle concentration and diameter of CAS, (c)particle concentration and diameter of CIP, (d)particle concentration and diameter of PIP
图 6 2020年8月29日飞机探测的CIP粒子图像
Fig. 6 Images of cloud particles by CIP during detecting flight on 29 Aug 2020
图 7 2020年8月29日飞机穿越祁连山探测过程中云粒子微物理特征
(圆圈轨迹表示飞机探测轨迹,圆圈颜色代表粒子数浓度值,圆圈大小代表粒子有效直径(D,单位:102 μm),黑色线条为祁连山地形)
Fig. 7 Cloud microphysical characteristics during the detection flight over Qilian Mountains on 29 Aug 2020
(the circle track represents the detection flight path, the color of circles represents the particle number concentration, the size of circles represents the effective diameter of the particle(D,unit:102 μm), and the black line shows the terrain of Qilian Mountains)
图 8 不同高度云粒子谱分布(散点) 及拟合曲线(a)CAS粒子Gamma分布拟合,(b)CAS粒子Γ分布拟合,(c)CIP粒子幂指数分布拟合,(d)CIP粒子M-P分布拟合
Fig. 8 Particle number concentration (the dot) and fitting curve at different heights (a)gamma distribution fitting of CAS particle, (b)Γ distribution fitting of CAS particle, (c)power exponent distribution fitting of CIP particle, (d)M-P distribution fitting of CIP particle
图 9 不同过冷水含量区间CAS(a)和CIP(b)平均粒子谱分布
Fig. 9 CAS(a) and CIP(b) average particle spectrum distribution in different supercooled water content intervals
表 1 2020年8月29日飞行探测过程中云粒子特征参数统计
Table 1 Parameter statistics of cloud particle characteristics during detecting flight on 29 Aug 2020
要素 统计量 时间 11:20—11:30 11:52—12:12 NCAS/cm-3 平均值 5.05 13.35 最大值 25.66 62.67 DCAS/μm 平均值 10.74 16.37 最大值 27.5 47.47 NCIP/cm-3 平均值 0.68 2.17 最大值 6.83 10.43 DCIP/μm 平均值 58.63 146.04 最大值 625.00 1150.00 NPIP/cm-3 平均值 0.0004 0.012 最大值 0.001 0.13 DPIP/μm 平均值 111.60 738.80 最大值 1683.60 4589.40 LWC/(g·m-3) 平均值 0.71 0.77 最大值 0.83 0.99 
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表 2 不同高度小云粒子数浓度谱拟合结果
Table 2 The fitting results of the concentration spectrum of small cloud droplets at different heights
高度/m Gamma Γ 截距N0 形状因子μ 斜率Λ 决定系数R2 截距N0 斜率Λ 5600 1.09×10-5 8.410 0.455 0.932 1.317 0.110 6200 9.92×10-7 9.179 0.518 0.982 0.382 0.116 6600 9.78×10-7 10.430 0.670 0.946 1.205 0.129
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表 3 不同高度大云粒子数浓度谱拟合结果
Table 3 The fitting results of the concentration spectrum of big cloud droplets at different heights
高度/m M-P 幂指数 截距N0 斜率Λ 截距N0 斜率Λ 决定系数R2 5600 26.583 0.006 1.63×103 1.059 0.891 6200 79.733 0.022 2.2×104 1.700 0.961 6600 8.306 0.0120 1.43×103 1.427 0.940
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