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Aircraft Measurements on Properties of Aerosols over the Central and Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
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摘要: 利用2011年和2013年夏秋季在青藏高原中东部开展的11架次气溶胶特征飞机观测数据,分析气溶胶数浓度、数谱及核化相关特征。结果表明:受天气系统、地形和地表影响,观测区内气溶胶数浓度（Na）和体积直径（Dv）的垂直和水平分布差异较大,Na呈西北高、东南低,Dv低层大、高层小,局地中高层有沙尘。格尔木盛行东风时,云降水对低层气溶胶有清除作用,Na和Dv明显降低,6.2 km高度和7.2~7.4 km高度的中高空受高原大风或对流影响形成沙尘；盛行西风时,低层Dv以0.5~0.8 μm为主,随高度升高和风速增大Na升高,Dv变幅较小,6.2 km高度也有沙尘；不同天气系统影响下6.5 km高度以上均输入亚微米颗粒,Na达5×103 cm-3,8.0 km高度盛行东风时比西风时Na更高,Dv更小,谱垂直分布也有以上特征,整层输入以偏北或偏西路径为主。不同过饱和度测量云凝结核数浓度（Nccn）表明,除格尔木6.0 km高度以下核化率（Nccn/Na）在21%~47%外,其他观测区平均核化率介于1%~16%,6.0~8.5 km高度的核化率总体偏低；当Na增加时核化率明显下降,且过饱和度1%~2%,-15~-5℃层或粒径1~3 μm时的核化率相对偏高。Abstract: The central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the birthplace of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Lancang River. It is also a climate change sensitive area and a key ecological protection area. Based on observations of 11 sorties conducted in summer and autumn of 2011 and 2013, the vertical distribution of aerosol number concentration and number spectrum at Golmud, and the transport characteristics as well as the horizontal distribution and nucleation characteristics of aerosol number concentration and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration at mid-altitude of the central and eastern Plateau are analyzed. The results indicate that the vertical and horizontal distributions of aerosol number concentration (Na) and volume diameter (Dv) in the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are significantly different due to the influence of weather system, topography, and surface characteristics. The aerosol number concentration is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The volume diameter is large in the lower layer, small in the upper layer, and there are dust layers in the middle and upper layers. Precipitation has clear effects on low-level aerosols when east wind prevails at Golmud, and the aerosol number concentration and volume diameter are significantly reduced. At the same time, due to plateau gale or convection, sand and dust layers also form at the middle and upper altitudes of 6.2 km and 7.2-7.4 km. The aerosol volume diameter of the lower layer is 1.8 μm mainly when westerly wind prevails, the number concentration increases with the increase of height and wind speed, the variation of aerosol volume diameter is small, and the sand and dust layer also appears at 6.2 km altitude. Under the influence of different weather systems over 6.5 km altitude, submicron particles are imported, and the number concentration even reaches 5×103 cm-3. Moreover, the aerosol number concentration and particle size imported at about 8.0 km altitude when east wind prevails are denser and smaller than those imported when west wind prevails, and the vertical distribution of spectrum also shows the same characteristics. The measurement of cloud condensation nuclei number concentration (Nccn) with different supersaturation shows that the mean nucleation rate is generally 1%-16%, except that the nucleation rate below 6 km altitude at Golmud is 21%-47%, and the nucleation rate at 6.0-8.5 km altitude is generally low. When the aerosol number concentration increases, the nucleation rate decreases significantly, and its value is relatively high with the supersaturation being 1%-2%, in the layer between -15 and -5℃ or the particle size of 1-3 μm.
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图 1 青藏高原中东部试验区及其飞行观测区
(黑实线为河流或湖泊,虚方框为试验区或飞行观测区,填色为地形高度)
Fig. 1 Test field and its flight measurement area in the central and eastern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
(black solid lines denote rivers or lakes, virtual boxs denote test fields or flight measurement areas, the shaded denotes the terrain elevation)
图 2 格尔木地区不同风向风速下气溶胶平均数浓度和体积直径随高度的垂直分布及偏差(圆圈大小表示风速大小,不同颜色的纵向线段表示风向范围内的平均数浓度或体积直径随高度变化,横向线段表示数浓度或体积直径的偏差)(a)盛行东风(0°~180°) 或西风(181°~360°) 时气溶胶平均数浓度垂直分布及偏差,(b)盛行东风(0°~180°) 或西风(181°~360°) 时气溶胶平均体积直径垂直分布及偏差,(c)盛行西南风(181°~270°) 或西北风(271°~360°) 时气溶胶平均数浓度垂直分布及偏差,(d)盛行西南风(181°~270°) 或西北风(271°~360°) 时气溶胶平均体积直径垂直分布及偏差
Fig. 2 Vertical distribution and deviation of aerosol mean concentration and volume diameter with height under different wind directions and speeds at Golmud(the circle size represents the wind speed, the longitudinal line segment with different colors represents the variation of average number concentration or volume diameter within the wind direction with height, the transverse line segment represents the deviation of number concentration or volume diameter)(a)vertical distribution and deviation of aerosol mean concentration in prevailing east wind (0°~180°) or west wind (181°~360°), (b)vertical distribution and deviation of aerosol mean volume diameter in prevailing east wind (0°~180°) or west wind (181°~360°), (c)vertical distribution and deviation of aerosol mean concentration in southwest wind (181°~270°) or northwest wind (271°~360°), (d)vertical distribution and deviation of aerosol mean volume diameter in southwest wind (181°~270°) or northwest wind (271°~360°)
图 3 格尔木地区气溶胶平均谱垂直分布特征(a)PCASP-100X测量粒径为0.1~3.0 μm的气溶胶,(b)CAS前向散射测量粒径为0.6~50 μm的气溶胶
Fig. 3 Vertical distribution characteristics of aerosol mean spectrum at Golmud (a)0.1-3.0 μm measured by PCASP-100X, (b)0.6-50 μm measured by CAS forward scattering
图 4 格尔木地区的气溶胶粒子平均有效直径(De)(a) 和平均数浓度(Na)(b)与风向风速的关系
Fig. 4 Distribution of aerosol mean effective diameter(De)(a) and mean number concentration(Na)(b) under different wind directions and speeds at Golmud
图 5 试验区航线上不同粒径的气溶胶数浓度(a)和不同过饱和度状态下观测的CCN数浓度(b)
(图 5a中圆圈为气溶胶有效直径,色标为气溶胶数浓度；图 5b中圆圈为过饱和度,色标为CCN数浓度)
Fig. 5 Aerosol number concentration distribution with different effective diameter(a) and CCN number concentration distribution measured under different supersaturation conditions(b) on the flight lines of the test field
(the circle size in Fig. 5a is the effective diameter of aerosol, the color code denotes aerosol number concentration;the circle size in Fig. 5b denotes supersaturation, the color code denotes CCN number concentration)
图 6 不同过饱和度状态(a)、不同温度层(b)以及不同粒径(c)条件下气溶胶数浓度与核化率关系
Fig. 6 Relationship between aerosol number concentration and nucleation rate under different supersaturation states(a), different temperature layer(b) and different effective diameter(c)
表 1 青藏高原中东部4个观测区特征
Table 1 Characteristics of four measurement areas in the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
观测区 地形平均高度/km 飞行观测垂直范围/km 人类活动特征 地表特征 夏秋季气流特征 格尔木地区(A区) 2.9 2.8~8.5 盐湖、城镇、交通 盐碱、沙漠等 西或西北干冷空气 长江源区(B区) 5.0 7.0~9.0 无人区、交通 草场、覆雪或岩石 西南或西风气流 三江共源区(C区) 4.7 7.0~9.0 城镇、放牧、交通 草场、湿地、湖泊 西南暖湿气流 黄河上游河曲地区(D区) 3.7 7.0~9.0 城镇、放牧、交通 草场、山脉、湿地 西南或偏南暖湿气流 
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表 2 飞行观测试验及天气系统气象要素观测概况
Table 2 Overview of aircraft measurement experiments and weather conditions
观测日期 观测时段 观测区 天气系统 Renold数 垂直观测范围/km 垂直观测温度范围/℃ 零度层位置/km 2011-07-27 11:50—16:52 A, C 高压 5180~7781 4.4~8.4 -16~2 4.8 2011-08-02 10:33—13:54 A, D 低涡 5179~5814 7.5~8.0 -18~-12 2011-08-15 11:34—17:17 A, B, C 槽底 5357~5940 2.8~8.5 -13~18 4.9 2011-08-20 12:29—19:22 A, B, C 西风 5097~5874 2.8~8.3 -16~23 5.1 2011-09-16 09:33—16:55 A, D 槽后 5180~7174 3.4~7.9 -20~9 4.7 2011-09-19 10:47—13:25 A, B 槽底 4707~8201 4.7~8.2 -18~1 4.8 2013-09-01 11:15—17:08 A, C 槽后 4556~5595 2.8~8.3 -18~22 4.9 2013-09-04 10:11—18:35 A, C, D 槽底 4558~5470 4.2~8.2 -21~1 4.4 2013-09-06 10:40—19:32 A, C, D 低涡 4640~5354 2.8~8.2 -23~14 4.6 2013-09-23 09:58—16:19 A, C, D 槽底 4582~5518 2.8~8.2 -28~12 4.2 2013-09-25 10:41—17:30 A, C, D 槽底 4950~5460 2.8~8.2 -24~16 4.6
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表 3 青藏高原中东部各飞行观测区的气溶胶和CCN统计特征
Table 3 Statistical characteristics of aerosol and CCN in each flight measurement field over the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
观测区 Na/cm-3 De/μm Nccn/cm-3 核化率/% 0.07%~0.3% 0.3%~0.8% 0.8%~2.0% 格尔木地区 不高于6 km 634 0.37 138 146 304 21~47 高于6 km 2226 0.11 86 182 50 2~8 长江源区 1453 0.107 82 102 35 2~7 三江共源区 695 0.369 59 10 93 1~13 黄河上游河曲地区 467 0.237 20 48 79 4~16 青藏高原中东部 1488 0.232 47 128 147 3~10
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