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Fine Observation Characteristics and Thermodynamic Mechanisms of Extreme Heavy Rainfall in Henan on 20 July 2021
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摘要: 利用分钟降水资料、FY-4A气象卫星高分辨率资料、多普勒天气雷达资料和ERA5再分析资料对2021年“7·20”河南极端暴雨过程中尺度系统精细结构及热动力发展机制进行观测分析和诊断研究, 结果表明: 该过程发生在“两高对峙”的鞍型场弱背景下, 其主导系统为500 hPa弱低压系统和低层偏东风切变线; 极端暴雨主要由水平尺度约300 km呈近乎圆形结构中尺度对流复合体产生, 其长时间维持与内部多个中尺度对流系统的合并及外围东南侧暖湿区新生单体的持续并入有关; 郑州站小时强降水(201.9 mm· h-1)由几乎静止的低质心β中尺度弓状回波产生, 其分钟降水量持续在3~4.7 mm; 边界层风场的动力辐合触发强烈对流, 使得强降水区上空θse锋区长时间处于中性层结, 其高层辐散气流在西北太平洋副热带高压附近构成次级环流下沉支; 中层500 hPa低压区气旋式曲率附近正涡度平流和925 hPa偏东气流持续暖平流输送、低层变形场锋生作用, 以及来自华东近海边界层急流异常强盛的水汽输送是此次极端过程发展维持的热动力学成因。Abstract: The typical circulation configuration, fine structure of mesoscale system and thermodynamic development mechanism of affecting system associated with the extreme heavy rainfall of Henan from 19 July to 21 July in 2021 are analyzed with data which contain minutely automatic weather station observations, FY-4A satellite high-resolution measurements, Doppler radar products and the fifth-generation European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5). Results show that the extreme heavy rainfall occurs under a weaken saddle field which is between the subtropical high and the continental high. The dominant systems are the weak low-pressure system at 500 hPa and easterly shear line at low level. A long-term maintained mesoscale convective cloud plays great roles in the extreme heavy rainfall of Henan, which features a nearly circular structure with a horizontal scale of about 300 km. The long-term maintenance of this cloud is related to the merging of its inside multiple β-mesoscale convective systems. Meanwhile, the confluence of three easterly flows in the east of warm zone in the southeast of the periphery keep triggering new convective cells which are constantly integrated into the mesoscale convective cloud. These two processes lead to the train effect, which is crucial to the extreme heavy rainfall in Henan. The rainfall intensity at Zhengzhou Station is 201.9 mm·h-1, and breaks the hourly rainfall record in inland regions. It is mainly caused by quasi-stationary β-mesoscale convective systems, which show bow echo in Doppler weather radar. The vertical structure of the convective system, which has the strong echo centroid below 5 km in Doppler weather radar, reflects the extremely efficient precipitation. During the extreme rainfall from 1600 BT to 1700 BT on 20 Jul 2021, the minutely continuous precipitation is stable at 3-4.7 mm, and the 5-minute rainfall maximum could reach 21 mm. The strong convection is triggered by the dynamic convergence of the boundary layer wind, leading to the pseudo equivalent temperature (θse) front above the heavy rainfall area maintaining in a neutral stratification of nearly barotropic structure for a long time. Meanwhile, the low-level convergence collocates with the high-level divergence, which benefits an intense ascend through the tropopause. The high-level divergent flow forms a sinking branch of the secondary circulation near the Northwest Pacific subtropical high. The significant positive vorticity advection near the cyclonic circulation at 500 hPa, the continuous warm advection transport by easterly flow at 925 hPa, the frontogenesis of low-level deformation field and the abnormally strong jet water vapor transport from the coast of East China are the thermodynamic mechanisms of the development and maintenance of the extreme heavy rainfall in Henan.
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图 1 2021年7月18—22日强降水监测 (a)18日08:00—22日08:00累积降水量，(b)20日08:00—21日08:00累积降水量，(c)19日08:00—22日08:00郑州站逐小时降水量，(d)20日15:00—17:59郑州站逐分钟降水(柱状) 和5 min累积降水时序图(蓝色实线)
Fig. 1 Monitoring of heavy rainfall from 18 Jul to 22 Jul in 2021 (a)the accumulative rainfall from 0800 BT 18 Jul to 0800 BT 22 Jul, (b)the rainfall from 0800 BT 20 Jul to 0800 BT 21 Jul, (c)hourly rainfall of Zhengzhou Station from 0800 BT 19 Jul to 0800 BT 22 Jul, (d)minutely rainfall (the column) and accumulative rainfall in 5 minutes (the blue solid line) of Zhengzhou Station from 1500 BT to 1759 BT on 20 Jul
图 2 2021年7月19—21日500 hPa位势高度(等值线，单位：dagpm) 与标准化异常(填色) 及850 hPa风场(风羽)
Fig. 2 500 hPa geopotential height (the contour, unit: dagpm) with its standardized anomaly (the shaded) and 850 hPa wind (the barb) from 19 Jul to 21 Jul in 2021
图 3 2021年7月20日08:00—21日05:00 FY-4A气象卫星TBB图像
Fig. 3 TBB images of FY-4A from 0800 BT 20 Jul to 0500 BT 21 Jul in 2021
图 4 2021年7月20日16:00—17:00雷达拼图组合反射率因子演变
Fig. 4 The evolution of radar combined reflectivity factor from 1600 BT to 1700 BT on 20 Jul 2021
图 5 2021年7月20日16:18(a)和16:54(b)洛阳雷达反射率因子及沿AB的垂直剖面
Fig. 5 Reflectivity factors of Luoyang radar with cross-section along AB at 1618 BT 20 Jul(a) and 1654 BT 20 Jul(b) in 2021
图 6 2021年7月20—21日沿郑州站所在纬度的假相当位温(等值线，单位：K)、垂直速度(填色) 及纬向风(单位：m·s-1) 与垂直速度(单位：10-2 m·s-1) 合成场(箭头) 剖面(黑色三角形为郑州站所在经度位置，蓝色虚线为0 ℃等温线)
Fig. 6 Cross-section of θse (the contour, unit: K), vertical velocity (the shaded) and the combination (the arrow) of zonal wind (unit: m·s-1) and vertical movement (unit: 10-2m·s-1) along Zhengzhou Station from 20 Jul to 21 Jul in 2021 (the black triangle is the longitude position of Zhengzhou Station, the blue dotted line refers to 0℃)
图 7 2021年7月19—21日500 hPa高度场(等值线，单位：dagpm)、风场(箭头) 和正涡度平流(填色) 分布
Fig. 7 The height (the contour, unit: dagpm), wind (the arrow) and positive vorticity advection (the shaded) at 500 hPa from 19 Jul to 21 Jul in 2021
图 8 2021年7月19—21日925 hPa假相当位温(等值线，单位：K)、风场(风羽) 叠加暖平流(填色) 分布
Fig. 8 θse (the contour, unit: K), wind (the barb) and warm advection (the shaded) at 925 hPa from 19 Jul to 21 Jul in 2021
图 9 2021年7月19—22日暴雨区域(33.5°~36°N，112.5°~115°E) 平均散度(等值线，单位：10-5 s-1) 和水平变形锋生项(填色) 时间-高度剖面
Fig. 9 Time-pressure cross-section of divergence (the contour, unit: 10-5 s-1) and deformation frontogenesis of heavy rainfall area-averaged (33.5°-36°N, 112.5°-115°E) from 19 Jul to 22 Jul in 2021
图 10 2021年7月20—21日925 hPa风场距平(风羽)、水汽通量距平(填色) 和水汽通量标准化异常(等值线，Ds≥3，间隔为1)(灰色区域表示地形高于700 m)
Fig. 10 Wind anomalies (the barb), moisture flux anomalies (the shaded) and moisture flux standardized anomalies (the contour, Ds≥3, the interval is 1) at 925 hPa from 20 Jul to 21 Jul in 2021 (the gray denotes the topography higher than 700 m)
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