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Characteristics of Lightning Scales and Optical Property in Tropical Cyclones over the Northwest Pacific
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摘要: 利用1998—2014年热带测雨(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, TRMM)卫星上携带的闪电成像仪(lightning imaging sensor, LIS)数据, 建立西北太平洋热带气旋闪电数据集, 并研究该区域热带气旋闪电属性特征。结果表明: 热带气旋闪电各属性值均呈对数正态分布特征, 热带气旋极大值闪电更倾向于发生在海洋和热带低压强度等级。不同强度等级(热带低压、热带风暴、台风)的热带气旋闪电持续时间无明显差异, 但热带风暴强度等级的闪电空间尺度和光辐射能平均值均低于热带低压和台风。对于热带气旋的不同区域(内核、内雨带、外雨带), 内核闪电的持续时间最大、光辐射能最强, 且持续时间和光辐射能随着闪电与热带气旋中心距离的增加而逐渐减小, 外雨带达到最小值。在海陆差异方面, 热带气旋闪电在海洋上的空间尺度和光辐射能比陆地大, 而闪电持续时间无明显差异。与非热带气旋闪电相比, 热带气旋闪电的延展距离、通道面积和光辐射能均更小, 但闪电平均持续时间更长。Abstract: Tropical cyclone is one of the major weather disasters affecting coastal areas, which can produce high winds and heavy rains, posing serious threats to the safety of people's lives and property in coastal areas. China is in the Northwest Pacific, which is affected more frequently by tropical cyclones than any other area in the world. Therefore, it is of great significance to strengthen the research on tropical cyclone in the Northwest Pacific. In recent years, observations and studies have proved that lightning activity often occurs in tropical cyclone, which is closely related to the convective evolution and intensity variation of tropical cyclone. Based on data of lightning imaging sensor (LIS) carried on the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) satellite during 1998-2014, the characteristics of lightning properties (including duration, extended distance, channel area and optical radiant energy) of tropical cyclone in the Northwest Pacific are studied by establishing the lightning dataset of tropical cyclone in the region. The results show that all attributes of tropical cyclone lightning present lognormal distribution characteristics, and the distribution of peak values of these attributes is consistent with that of the Northwest Pacific thunderstorm system, but different from that of East Asia land thunderstorm system. The maximum of tropical cyclone lightning tends to occur over the ocean at tropical depression intensity levels. The maximum proportion of lightning in the outer rain belt is the lowest, while the maximum proportion of the duration and optical radiant energy of lightning in the inner core is the highest. The tropical cyclone lightning duration of different intensity levels has no significant difference, but the mean value of lightning spatial scale and optical radiation energy of tropical storm are lower than those of tropical depression and typhoon. For different areas of tropical cyclone, the maximum value of duration and optical radiant energy of core lightning decrease with the increase of distance between lightning and tropical cyclone center. In terms of maritime-continental contrasts, tropical cyclone lightning occurs over the ocean with larger spatial scale and stronger optical radiant energy than that over the land, while lightning duration is roughly the same. After tropical cyclone landing, the spatial scale of lightning decreases and the optical radiant energy of lightning weakens. Compared with non-tropical cyclone lightning, tropical cyclone lightning has shorter extension distance, narrower channel area and weaker optical radiant energy, but the average duration of lightning is longer.
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图 1 1998—2014年LIS获得的西北太平洋热带气旋独立样本中心位置
Fig. 1 The center position of individual tropical cyclone overpass observed by LIS during 1998-2014
图 2 不同强度等级热带气旋闪电参量的概率(柱状) 及累积概率(曲线) 分布
Fig. 2 Probability (the column) and cumulative probability (the curve) distributions of tropical cyclone lightning parameters at different intensity levels
图 3 热带气旋不同区域闪电参量概率(柱状) 及累积概率(曲线) 分布
Fig. 3 Probability (the column) and cumulative probability (the curve) distributions of lightning parameters in different areas of tropical cyclone
图 4 不同强度等级热带气旋闪电属性参量
(方框底部和顶部边缘分别表示第25和第75分位数；方框内水平线代表中值，菱形代表平均值)
Fig. 4 Lightning attributes at different tropical cyclone intensity levels
(the bottom and top edges of the box denote the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively; the horizontal line in the box denotes the median value, and the diamond denotes the average value)
图 5 热带气旋不同区域闪电属性参量
(方框底部和顶部边缘分别表示第25和第75分位数；方框内水平线代表中值，菱形代表平均值)
Fig. 5 Lightning attributes in different tropical cyclone regions
(the bottom and top edges of the box denote the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively; the horizontal line in the box denotes the median value, and the diamond denotes the average value)
图 6 海陆热带气旋闪电属性参量
(方框底部和顶部边缘分别表示第25和第75分位数；方框内水平线代表中值，菱形代表平均值)
Fig. 6 Lightning attributes for tropical cyclones on land and ocean
(the bottom and top edges of the box denote the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively; the horizontal line in the box denotes the median value, and the diamond denotes the average value)
表 1 闪电属性参量
Table 1 Lightning attribute parameters
参量 物理含义 发生时间 单次LIS闪电第1个事件发生时间 发生位置 单次LIS闪电经过光辐射能加权平均后的中心点经纬度 光辐射能 单次LIS闪电包含的所有事件光辐射能之和(单位：J·m-2·sr-1·μm-1) 持续时间 单次LIS闪电的第1组与最后1组间的时间差(单位: s) 通道面积 单次LIS探测到的亮度超过背景光辐射能阈值的非重叠事件像素面积之和(单位：km2) 延展距离 单次LIS闪电包含的所有事件中相距最远两个事件的距离(单位：km) 
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表 2 不同分类中热带气旋极大值闪电数量占该类闪电总数的比例(单位：%)
Table 2 Proportion of the number of extreme lightning to the total number of lightning within tropical cyclones in different categories (unit: %)
闪电属性 热带气旋强度等级 热带气旋区域 热带低压 热带风暴 台风 内核 内雨带 外雨带 持续时间 11.32 10.08 8.69 18.13 10.72 9.24 延展距离 12.70 8.72 9.73 11.35 11.42 9.74 通道面积 12.03 8.88 10.36 9.92 10.55 9.95 光辐射能 13.31 8.69 9.66 14.87 12.22 9.36
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表 3 热带气旋闪电与非热带气旋闪电属性参量对比
Table 3 Comparisons of attribute parameter for lightning in tropical cyclone and non-tropical cyclone
闪电属性 热带气旋 非热带气旋 陆地 海洋 陆地 海洋 持续时间/s 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.34 延展距离/km 17.48 19.63 18.55 20.86 通道面积/km2 326.54 388.42 354.58 416.63 光辐射能/(J·m-2·sr-1·μm-1) 0.66 0.84 0.78 1.23
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