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Observation and Analysis of Microphysical Characteristics of Stratiform Clouds with Embedded Convections in Yunnan
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摘要: 2017—2020年利用运-12和空中国王-E350飞机搭载的国产云粒子测量设备在云南开展了76架次积层混合云观测, 数据分析表明:云南的云粒子数浓度远高于华北地区, 云粒子(直径为2~50 μm)数浓度平均值为339.7 cm-3, 最大值为1067.6 cm-3, 平均含水量为0.181 g·m-3, 最大值为2.827 g·m-3, 有效直径平均值为11.2 μm, 最大值为34.6 μm。云粒子谱呈负指数双峰分布, 主、次峰值分别出现在4 μm和10 μm处。云粒子数浓度、含水量和消光系数随高度呈明显分层特征, 有效直径随高度变化不明显, 反射率因子在3.4 km高度最大。暖云区200~1500 μm范围的雨滴粒子平均含水量为0.183 g·m-3, 最大值为4.247 g·m-3, 200~6000 μm范围的雨粒子平均含水量为0.406 g·m-3, 最大值为8.917 g·m-3。不同含水量条件下的云粒子谱宽不同, 随着云中含水量增加, 云粒子谱变宽。西南夏季风爆发后, 暖云区的小云粒子增多, 大云粒子减少, 开展暖云区人工增雨作业有利于提高人工增雨效率。Abstract: observation is an important mean to obtain cloud physical information, which is important for weather modification research and operation. In China, aircraft observation research on cloud microphysical characteristics is mainly carried out in the northern region, seldom in the southwestern region. Yunnan is a low-latitude plateau with complex topography and distinct weather and climate. The aircraft cloud physical detection equipment in Yunnan is put into use since 2017, and it carried domestic laser cloud particle probes, including cloud particle spectrometer probe, cloud particle imager probe, and precipitation particle imager probe.The aircraft can obtain the size and number of cloud particles and precipitation particles at different resolutions of 2-6200 μm, as well as 25-6200 μm particle images.The mixed cloud observations of cumulonimbus and stratiform clouds from Yun-12 and King Air-E350 aircraft in Yunnan during 2017-2020 are analyzed. Data of 76 flights are obtained, with the maximum flight altitude of 6946 m (ambient temperature -14℃). The cloud vertical structure is observed by descending and ascending flights. The results show that the number concentration of cloud particles is much higher than that in northern China. The average number concentration of cloud particles (2-50 μm) is 339.7 cm-3 with a maximum value of 1067.6 cm-3; the average water content is 0.181 g·m-3, and the maximum is 2.827 g·m-3; the average effective diameter of cloud particles is 11.2 μm and the maximum is 34.6 μm. The cloud particles have a negative exponential size distribution with double peaks. The first peak is located at 4 μm and the second peak is at 10 μm. The cloud particle number concentration, water content and extinction coefficient show obvious layered distribution characteristics with height, but the effective particle diameter doesn't change much.The reflectivity factor is maximum at the height of 3.4 km.In the warm cloud region, the average water content of rain drops with diameter from 200 to 1500 μm is 0.183 g·m-3 with a maximum value of 4.247 g·m-3. The average water content of rain particles in the range of 200-6000 μm is 0.406 g·m-3 with the maximum of 8.917 g·m-3.In Yunnan, the spectral width of cloud particles becomes wider with the increase of cloud water content.With the outbreak and establishment of the Southwest Summer Monsoon, the small cloud particles increase, and the large cloud particles decrease in the warm area of cloud. It is helpful to improve the efficiency of artificial precipitation enhancement by carrying out warm cloud artificial precipitation enhancement.
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图 2 2017—2020年CIP和PIP探测的粒子谱分布
Fig. 2 Size distributions of cloud particles detected by CIP and PIP from 2017 to 2020
图 3 云粒子谱仪CDP探测的总体平均和不同云含水量下云粒子数浓度的谱分布
Fig. 3 Size distributions of averaged cloud particles detected by CDP under different water contents
图 4 2017—2020年CDP探测云粒子数浓度、含水量和粒子有效直径平均量随高度分布
Fig. 4 Vertical distributions of number concentration, water content and average effective diameter of the cloud particle detected by CDP from 2017 to 2020
图 5 2017—2020年CDP探测的雷达反射率因子和云消光系数的平均值随高度分布
Fig. 5 Vertical distributions of mean radar reflectivity factor and extinction coefficient of the cloud particle detected by CDP from 2017 to 2020
图 6 2017—2020年4—7月云粒子含水量在0.05~0.5 g·m-3的粒子有效直径分布的百分比
Fig. 6 Percentage diagram of effective particle diameter distribution for cloud particle water content between 0.05 g·m-3 and 0.5 g·m-3 during Apr-Jul from 2017 to 2020
图 7 2017—2020年4—6月CIP和PIP探测的月平均粒子数浓度分布
Fig. 7 Size distributions of cloud particles detected by CIP and PIP during Apr-Jun from 2017 to 2020
表 1 2017—2020年云粒子宏微观统计特征
Table 1 Statistical characteristics of cloud from 2017 to 2020
云类 统计量 平均值 标准差 最小值 最大值 所有云 含水量/(g·m-3) 0.181 0.238 0.001 2.827 数浓度/cm-3 339.7 221.0 4.7 1067.6 有效直径/μm 11.2 4.6 4.2 34.6 云中观测高度/m 4413 1034 1246 6946 零度层高度/m 4695 546 3693 5791 暖区云 含水量/(g·m-3) 0.200 0.248 0.001 2.827 数浓度/cm-3 354.1 225.4 4.7 1067.6 有效直径(μm) 11.8 4.7 4.2 34.6 云中观测高度(m) 4225 961 1246 5793 冷区云 含水量/(g·m-3) 0.069 0.113 0.001 1.860 数浓度/cm-3 253.6 168.7 7.7 706.1 有效直径/μm 8.0 2.3 4.2 24.1 云中观测高度/m 5541 670 3693 6946 
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表 2 12架次飞机探测冷云区云粒子的微物理统计特征
Table 2 Microphysical properties in cold clouds detected by CDP for 12 flights
日期 样本点数 数浓度/cm-3 含水量/(g·m-3) 有效直径/μm 平均值 最大值 平均值 最大值 平均值 最大值 2018-03-17 998 433 704 0.132 0.475 8.8 22.3 2018-03-23 112 385 669 0.216 0.670 10.3 13.4 2018-04-19 72 206 389 0.017 0.051 5.5 6.8 2019-03-20 473 418 647 0.062 0.189 7.1 9.8 2019-04-21 25 417 624 0.059 0.164 6.4 8.9 2019-06-01 827 242 427 0.030 0.093 6.6 9.2 2020-04-22 144 192 330 0.014 0.045 5.4 7.8 2020-04-24 1915 263 706 0.083 1.276 7.9 18.6 2020-04-25 1274 182 531 0.030 0.274 7.2 17.5 2020-04-26 290 104 408 0.015 0.038 7.4 9.0 2020-05-22 372 340 593 0.193 1.860 11.4 23.5 2020-05-27 2349 182 530 0.054 0.537 8.5 24.1
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表 3 2017—2020年暖云区云降水粒子和降水粒子的特征
Table 3 Statistics of cloud precipitation particle and precipitation particle in warm cloud from 2017 to 2020
粒子类型 统计量 平均值 标准差 最小值 最大值 含水量/(g·m-3) 0.183 0.293 0.001 4.247 数浓度/cm-3 0.012 0.023 0.001 0.343 云降水粒子 有效直径/μm 470.3 272.6 100.0 1425.4 云高/m 3967 859 1201 5496 云温/℃ 4.5 3.9 0.0 22.4 含水量/(g·m-3) 0.406 0.857 0.004 8.917 数浓度/cm-3 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.008 降水粒子 有效直径/μm 817.5 623.1 200.0 3960.9 云高/m 3800 1010 1165 5258 云温/℃ 4.8 4.9 0.0 24.3
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表 4 2017—2020年4—7月云粒子微物理量统计
Table 4 Statistics of cloud particles during Apr-Jul from 2017 to 2020
物理量 统计量 4月 5月 6月 7月 探测高度/m 最小值 1577 2164 1245 2188 最大值 6946 6648 6324 5615 平均值 355 356 325 325 数浓度/cm-3 标准差 229 214 212 223 最大值 884 1067 982 945 平均值 0.129 0.167 0.182 0.193 含水量/(g·m-3) 标准差 0.179 0.208 0.254 0.248 最大值 1.812 2.118 2.574 2.827 平均值 9.0 9.5 11.0 12.4 有效直径/μm 标准差 3.1 3.0 4.1 4.3 最大值 29.6 24.0 34.1 32.6
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