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Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution at Anxi of Fujian
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摘要: 雨滴谱观测对理解云-降水物理过程和提高雷达降水估测等有重要意义，利用福建安溪2017—2020年雨滴谱资料，研究不同季节和不同类型的雨滴谱特征和差异，提出该地区降水的雷达反射率因子与降水强度(Z-R)关系和形状参数与斜率参数(μ -Λ)关系，并与国内其他典型地区进行对比。结果表明：福建安溪雨滴谱季节差异明显，整体上夏季雨滴粒径最大、总数浓度最高，冬季粒径最小，春季总数浓度最低; 随粒径增大，四季雨滴数浓度季节变化与台湾省桃园市相似，但小雨滴数浓度存在差异。与华东和华北地区相比，福建安溪夏季层状云小雨滴数浓度更高，中大雨滴数浓度则与华东地区较为一致; 夏季对流云小雨滴数浓度与华北地区接近，中雨滴数浓度则与华东地区接近，大雨滴数浓度则介于两个地区之间。夏季福建安溪层状云和对流云降水的Z-R关系与台湾省桃园市得到的结果较为吻合; 斜率参数Λ大于2.5 mm-1时，福建安溪的形状参数μ值与美国佛罗里达地区的结果十分相近。Abstract: Observation of raindrop size distribution (DSD) is significant for the understanding of precipitation physical processes and improvement of radar quantitative rainfall estimation. Based on DSD measurements from 2017 to 2020 collected in Anxi, Fujian Province, the DSD variation characteristics in different seasons and different rain types are analyzed. Subsequently, local empirical relation between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R and that between Gamma shape parameter μ and slope parameter Λ are proposed. The DSDs observed in the local area are compared with counterparts obtained in other typical areas of China. The results show that DSDs in Anxi exhibit apparent seasonal variation. Generally, raindrops in summer can be the largest with the highest number concentration, while raindrops are the smallest in winter and the number concentration in spring is the lowest. With the increase of particle size, the seasonal variation of the number concentration of raindrops is similar to that in Taoyuan, Taiwan Province, China, while the number concentration of small raindrops is different. Compared with East China and North China, DSDs for summer stratiform precipitation in Anxi have higher concentration of small raindrops, while the concentrations of medium to large raindrops are similar to those in East China. For convective precipitation, the DSDs concentration is similar to that in North China for small raindrops while similar number concentration of medium raindrops to that in East China, while the number concentration of large raindrops is between that obtained in East China and North China. The Z-R relationship of summer stratiform precipitation is in good correspondence with the results obtained in Taoyuan. With the same Z, the R in East China is slightly larger than that in Anxi and Taoyuan; the Z-R relationship for convective precipitation in Anxi is also close to that in Taoyuan. When Z is not greater than 40 dBZ, the Z-R relationship in East China is very close to that in Anxi; when Z exceeds 40 dBZ, R in East China is significantly larger than that in Anxi and Taoyuan. When the slope parameter is larger than 2.5 mm-1, the relationship between the shape parameter μ and slope parameter Λ of the summer Gamma spectrum in Anxi is similar to that in Florida.
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图 1 2017年5月—2020年5月观测资料质量控制前(a)和质量控制后(b)的雨滴直径D与下落速度Vt累积频次f统计分布
Fig. 1 Statistical cumulative frequency f distribution of diameter D and falling velocity Vt for raindrops before(a) and after(b) quality control from May 2017 to May 2020
图 2 2017年5月—2020年5月厦门探空站的大气层平均温度(a)、相对湿度(b)、对流有效位能(箱内中的叉号和短横线分别代表平均值和中位数，箱线上下边缘为25%和75%分位数，线段最高点和最低点分别为最大值和最小值，下同) (c)和水平风(d)
Fig. 2 Average profiles of atmospheric temperature(a), relative humidity(b), convective available energy (the cross and horizontal line denote the average and median, respectively; the upper and lower edges in box denote the 25 and 75 percentiles, respectively; the highest and the lowest denote the maximum and minimum, respectively, the same hereinafter) (c) and horizontal wind(d) observed by the radiosonde at Xiamen Site from May 2017 to May 2020
图 3 不同季节平均谱积分量和Gamma参数的箱线图
Fig. 3 Boxplots for integral quantities and Gamma parameters in four seasons
图 4 四季平均雨滴谱
(a)完整雨滴谱，(b)粒径小于1.4 mm雨滴谱局部放大图
Fig. 4 Average raindrop size distribution for four seasons
(a)the entire spectra, (b)the enlarged spectra for raindrops smaller than 1.4 mm
图 5 层状云和对流云降水的雨滴谱箱线图
Fig. 5 Boxplot of the entire stratiform and convective rain spectrum samples
图 6 层状云和对流云降水的雨滴谱积分量和Gamma参数的概率分布
Fig. 6 Probability distributions of integral quantities and Gamma parameters derived from the stratiform and convective spectra
图 7 福建安溪全年两类降水的平均观测谱和Gamma拟合谱(a)以及福建安溪夏季层状云降水(b) 和对流云降水(c)的Gamma谱与华东地区和华北地区对比
Fig. 7 Average rain spectra and fitted Gamma spectra for two precipitation types observed during the entire period at Anxi of Fujian(a), and comparisons of Gamma spectra among Anxi of Fujian, East China and North China for stratiform(b) and convective(c) precipitation in summer
图 8 全年和夏季层状云降水与对流云降水的Z-R累积频次f分布和幂函数拟合结果
(a)全年层状云降水，(b)全年对流云降水, (c)夏季层状云降水, (d)夏季对流云降水
Fig. 8 Cumulative frequency f distributions of Z-R and fitted power relations for the entire samples and summer samples of stratiform and convective precipitation
(a)entire samples of stratiform precipitation, (b)entire samples of convective precipitation, (c)summer samples of stratiform precipitation, (d)summer samples of convective precipitation
图 9 福建安溪全年(a)和夏季(b)雨滴谱样本满足条件NT>1000 mm-3, R>5 mm·h-1时μ和Λ散点分布(灰色十字) 和拟合结果(实线)
Fig. 9 Scatters of μ and Λ (the gray cross) and the fitted binomial relations (the solid line) meeting the conditions of NT>1000 mm-3 and R>5 mm·h-1 at Anxi of Fujian during the entire period(a) and in summer(b)
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