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Evaluation of GHMLLS Performance Characteristics Based on Observations of Artificially Triggered Lightning
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摘要: 利用2014—2019年中国气象局雷电野外科学试验基地广州从化人工触发闪电试验所获资料，评估粤港澳闪电定位系统(Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Lightning Location System，GHMLLS)性能，结果表明：GHMLLS对人工触发闪电和回击的探测效率分别为96%(48/50)和88%(233/265)，回击位置定位误差的算术平均值、几何平均值和中值分别为279 m，193 m和202 m。对于触发闪电的回击过程，GHMLLS探测的回击电流峰值(ILLS)全部偏低，与通道底部雷电流峰值的直接测量结果(IDM)相比，ILLS的相对偏差平均值(中值)为-37%(-36%)，但ILLS和IDM相关系数为0.93，存在显著正相关关系(达到0.01显著性水平)；截距为0的线性拟合结果表明ILLS与IDM存在65%的比例关系，利用该系数校正ILLS，结果的相对偏差绝对值的平均值(中值)为15%(12%)。GHMLLS有对应定位记录的233次触发闪电回击中，16次定位结果为云闪，判别正确率为93%。被误判为云闪的回击的IDM更低，可用于定位的站点数量更少，定位误差更大，ILLS的精度更低。Abstract: Artificially triggered lightning refers to the lightning that is artificially triggered to the ground under appropriate thunderstorm conditions. The location of artificially triggered lightning can be determined; the occurring time can be precisely stamped, and the channel-base current can be measured directly. Therefore, it's one of the effective methods to evaluate the performance of lightning location system (LLS). From the observations of artificially triggered lightning experiment conducted at the Field Experiment Base on Lightning Sciences, China Meteorological Administration from 2014 to 2019, 50 lightning flashes are selected to evaluate and analyze the performance characteristics of Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Lightning Location System (GHMLLS).The results show that the lightning detection efficiency and stroke detection efficiency are about 96% (48/50) and 88% (233/265), respectively. The arithmetic mean, geometric mean and median values of location error are 279 m, 193 m and 202 m, respectively. The results show that there is a systematic deviation to the southwest in GHMLLS observations around the triggered lightning experiment site, which is about 170 m to the west and 50 m to the south. After correction, the arithmetic mean, geometric mean and median values of location error are reduced to 198 m, 108 m and 103 m, respectively. The linear fitting result with intercept of 0 shows that the LLS-inferred peak current of GHMLLS is about 65% of the direct measurement value of the channel-base current. Meanwhile, the arithmetic mean (median) value of the LLS-inferred peak current error is -37% (-36%). However, there is a strong positive correlation and the correlation coefficient is 0.93. The arithmetic mean (median) value of the absolute value of the LLS-inferred peak current error is reduced to 15% (12%) when the ratio of 65% is used to correct them. Among 233 return strokes of triggered lightning flashes, 16 return strokes are mistakenly classified as intra-cloud lightning, so the return stroke classification accuracy of GHMLLS is 93%. The peak currents of these mistakenly classified return strokes are lower, the stations available for locating are fewer, and the errors of location and LLS-inferred peak current are larger.In conclusion, GHMLLS have good detection efficiency and location accuracy. The return stroke classification accuracy of GHMLLS is at a high level as well. Nevertheless, there is an obvious systematic deviation in the LLS-inferred peak current of GHMLLS. In order to obtain more reliable analysis results, it's recommended to divide it by 0.65 when using the LLS-inferred peak current of GHMLLS.
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图 1 GHMLLS探测子站分布及人工触发闪电试验场位置
Fig. 1 Distribution of sensors in GHMLLS and experiment site for artificially triggered lightning
图 2 50次人工触发闪电回击数量(a)和回击间时间间隔(b)
Fig. 2 Number of return strokes in 50 artificially triggered lightning flashes(a) and time interval between return strokes(b)
图 3 50次人工触发闪电中265次回击的IDM分布(a)和GHMLLS在各区间回击的探测效率(b)
Fig. 3 Distribution of IDM of 265 return strokes in 50 artificially triggered lightning flashes(a) and corresponding GHMLLS detection efficiency(b)
图 4 GHMLLS探测子站和2014—2019年265次人工触发闪电回击定位位置分布及各方向定位误差箱线图
(N为样本量，+为异常值，下同)
Fig. 4 Location of GHMLLS sensors and reported locations for 265 return strokes in artificially triggered lightning and box plot of location errors in four directions during 2014-2019
(N denotes sample size, + denotes outliers, the same hereinafter)
图 5 2014—2019年GHMLLS对人工触发闪电回击的定位误差与探测站点数关系散点图(a)和箱线图(b)
Fig. 5 Scatter plot(a) and box plot(b) of relationship between the location error of GHMLLS for return strokes in artificially triggered lightningand number of reporting sensors during 2014-2019
图 6 2014—2019年GHMLLS对人工触发闪电回击事件定位误差与IDM关系
(黑色小矩形表示仅有1个样本的类别)
Fig. 6 Box plot of relationship between the location error and IDM during 2014-2019
(the small black rectangle denotes the category with only one sample)
图 7 2014—2019年人工触发闪电回击事件电流峰值的GHMLLS反演结果ILLS和直接测量值IDM对比
Fig. 7 Scatter plot of relationship between LLS-inferred peak current of GHMLLS(ILLS) anddirect measurement peak current(IDM) during 2014-2019
图 8 2014—2019年GHMLLS对人工触发闪电回击的ILLS校正后的相对偏差与IDM关系
(黑色小矩形表示仅有1个样本的类别)
Fig. 8 Box plot of relationship between the error of ILLS of GHMLLS after correction and IDM during 2014-2019
(the small black rectangle denotes the category with only one sample)
表 1 2014—2019年GHMLLS对人工触发闪电的探测
Table 1 GHMLLS detection of flashes and return strokes in artificially triggered lightning experiment during 2014-2019
年份 人工触发闪电 GHMLLS探测 GHMLLS探测效率/% 闪电数量 回击数量 闪电数量 LLS-CG数量 LLS-IC数量 闪电 回击 2014 7 34 6 28 0 86 82 2015 13 80 12 62 3 92 81 2016 3 14 3 8 0 100 57 2017 7 38 7 26 9 100 92 2018 6 27 6 27 0 100 100 2019 14 72 14 66 4 100 97 
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表 2 2014—2019年GHMLLS对人工触发闪电回击的云闪/地闪判别正确率
Table 2 Classification accuracy of cloud-to-ground and intra-cloud lightning detected by GHMLLS for return strokes in artificially triggered lightning during 2014-2019
年份 LLS-CG数量 LLS-IC数量 回击判别正确率/% 2014 28 0 100 2015 62 3 95 2016 8 0 100 2017 26 9 74 2018 27 0 100 2019 66 4 94
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表 3 2014—2019年人工触发闪电回击的LLS-CG和LLS-IC特征
Table 3 Characteristic statistics of return strokes in artificially triggered lightning of LLS-CG and LLS-IC from 2014 to 2019
统计量 LLS-CG LLS-IC 平均值 中值 平均值 中值 IDM/kA 16.5 14.9 11.7 9.9 ILLS/kA 10.6 9.4 7.0 5.7 ILLS的相对偏差/% -36.7 -35.8 -40.8 -39.2 定位站点数量 8.1 7 5.4 5 定位误差/m 260 193 538 270
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