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Development Mechanisms of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea Cyclone Causing Extreme Snowstorm in Northeast China
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摘要: 利用高分辨率观测资料和ERA5再分析资料, 分析造成2021年11月7—8日东北极端暴雪的温带气旋结构特征及爆发性发展机制, 结果表明:温带气旋发生在高空冷涡背景下, 地面气旋在黄海形成后出现爆发性快速增强并沿东北地区东部北上。地面降雪区主要分布在气旋西侧, 且降雪强度与气旋的发生发展密切相关;地面气旋在爆发性发展后由叶状云系演变为逗点涡旋云系, 并表现出明显的锋面断裂和暖锋包卷;其垂直结构也先后出现高空锋区断裂、干暖核形成和中性锢囚锋区加强;西伯利亚高压脊、华北高空槽和东北高压脊3个异常中心构成Rossby波列, 随着高度异常中心不断东移及波能量向下游地区频散, 华北高空槽区的波作用通量明显增大导致华北冷涡快速增强, 涡度因子的急剧增大有利于地面气旋爆发性发展;随着平流层位涡高值区沿等熵面不断向南发展和向下传播, 导致中层冷涡快速发展并向下伸展, 诱发地面气旋爆发性增强。Abstract: The structure evolution and explosive development mechanisms of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea cyclone causing the extreme snow in Northeast China from 7 November to 9 November in 2021 are analyzed with high-resolution observations and the fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmospheric reanalysis data (ERA5) with a 0.25° by 0.25° spatial resolution. Results show that the extreme snowstorm occurs under the background of high-altitude cold vortex collocated with surface cyclone. After the formation of the surface cyclone in the Yellow Sea, it strengthens rapidly and moves northward along the eastern part of Northeast China. The snowfall area is mainly distributed on the west side of the cyclone, and the snowfall intensity is closely related to the occurrence and development of the surface cyclone. Its explosive development stage corresponds to the strongest period of the extreme blizzard process. The Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea cyclone is generated from a ground inverted trough which gradually strengthens with eastward shift into the sea. During its explosive developing and occluding stages, the leaf cloud system evolved into hook comma cloud system and vortex cloud system. The horizontal structure shows frontal fracture and the warm front back bending and wrapping, while the vertical structure shows high-altitude frontal fracture, the emergence of dry and warm center, the formation of neutral occluded front, and deep low value system from inclined vortex column. Wave activity flux analysis shows that the ridge in Siberian, the trough in North China and the ridge in Northeast China at 500 hPa devote to Rossby wave train. With the continuous eastward movement and the wave energy dispersion downstream of the positive anomaly center in the upper reaches of Siberia, the wave activity flux from the northwest in the North China trough is rapidly enhanced, and therefore the cold vortex enhances rapidly. The sharp enhancement of vorticity factor over surface cyclones is beneficial to the explosive development of cyclones. The potential vorticity diagnosis on the isobaric surface shows that the abnormal area of positive potential vorticity gradually approaches and superimposes on the middle and low-level system, with the continuous southward development and downward propagation of stratospheric high-level vorticity along the isentropic surface, resulting in the rapid development and downward extension of middle-level cold vorticity and thereby the explosive enhancement of surface cyclones. In addition, the slow downward propagation of potential vorticity is also conducive to the maintenance of occluding stage in the frontal cyclone.
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图 1 2021年11月6日08:00—9日08:00累积降水量(填色)(a)及11月9日08:00积雪深度(填色)(b)
(黑色圆点为通辽站, 下同)
Fig. 1 The accumulative precipitation from 0800 BT 6 Nov to 0800 BT 9 Nov in 2021(the shaded)(a), the snowfall depth at 0800 BT 9 Nov 2021(the shaded)(b)
(the black dot denotes the location of Tongliao Station, the same hereinafter)
图 2 2021年11月7—8日500 hPa位势高度场(实线，单位：dagpm)，海平面气压场(虚线，单位：hPa)及对应时次12 h累积降水量(填色)
Fig. 2 500 hPa geopotential height(the solid line, unit:dagpm), sea level pressure(the dashed line, unit:hPa) and corresponding 12 h accumulative precipitation(the shaded) from 7 Nov to 8 Nov in 2021
图 3 2021年11月7日14:00—9日08:00温带气旋路径和逐6 h最大降水量站点位置(a)以及气旋中心海平面气压和逐6 h最大降水量(b)
Fig. 3 Path of extratropical cyclone and stations with 6 h accumulative maximum precipitation(a) and sea level pressure in cyclone center and 6 h maximum precipitation(b) from 1400 BT 7 Nov to 0800 BT 9 Nov in 2021
图 4 2021年11月7日14:00—9日08:00 FY-4A气象卫星观测的黄渤海气旋云顶亮温(填色)
Fig. 4 TBB(the shaded) of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea cyclone observed by FY-4A from 1400 BT 7 Nov to 0800 BT 9 Nov in 2021
图 5 2021年11月7日20:00—8日20:00 850 hPa风场(矢量)与温度场(虚线，单位：℃)，海平面气压场(实线，单位：hPa)
(黑色粗线为锋面)
Fig. 5 850 hPa wind(the vector) and temperature(the dashed line, unit:℃), sea level pressure (the solid line, unit:hPa) from 2000 BT 7 Nov to 2000 BT 8 Nov in 2021
(the thick black line denotes the front)
图 6 2021年11月7—9日涡度(填色)和垂直速度(虚线，单位：Pa·s-1)沿850 hPa低涡中心垂直剖面
(△表示850 hPa低涡中心所在经度位置, 下同)
Fig. 6 Cross-section of vorticity(the shaded) and vertical velocity(the dotted line, unit:Pa·s-1) along 850 hPa vortex center from 7 Nov to 9 Nov in 2021
(△ denotes the longitude of 850 hPa vortex center, the same hereinafter)
图 7 2021年11月7—9日温度(虚线，单位:℃)和相对湿度(灰色)沿850 hPa低涡中心垂直剖面
(黑色粗线为温度槽线和脊线)
Fig. 7 Cross-section of temperature(the dashed line, unit:℃) and relative humility(the gray) along 850 hPa vortex center from 7 Nov to 9 Nov in 2021
(black bold lines denote trough and ridge of temperature contours)
图 8 2021年11月7日14:00—8日08:00 500 hPa位势高度(实线，单位：dagpm)、距平(填色)和波作用通量(矢量)
Fig. 8 500 hPa geopotential height(the solid line, unit:dagpm) with its anomaly(the shaded) and wave-activity fluxes(the vector) from 1400 BT 7 Nov to 0800 BT 9 Nov in 2021
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