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Comparative Analysis on Dual Polarization Features of Two Severe Hail Supercells
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摘要: 利用S波段双偏振天气雷达资料、探空和地面常规气象观测资料及灾情调查, 对2020年6月25日河北省蠡县和2021年7月9日山东省章丘的两次特大冰雹超级单体风暴双偏振特征进行对比。结果表明:两次超级单体风暴均发生在西北气流形势下, 章丘风暴具有较强的对流有效位能、较大的湿度和较高的湿球0℃层高度。蠡县风暴强度明显大于章丘风暴, 但差分反射率柱和比差分相移柱高度明显低于章丘风暴。蠡县风暴弱回波区上方存在深厚的强度超过65 dBZ强回波悬垂, 即悬垂的冰粒子循环增长产生较大的冰雹粒子, 大的冰雹粒子进入下降通道后, 再次产生明显增长且更加不规则, 导致更强的水平极化反射率因子和更小的相关系数。湿度的垂直分布是风暴发展强度的关键环境因素之一。蠡县超级单体风暴的产生环境非常干, 章丘超级单体风暴的产生环境相对较湿。Abstract: Using S-band dual-polarization weather radar data, sounding and ground meteorological observations, and disaster investigation reports, the similarity and difference of dual polarization parameters between Lixian and Zhangqiu supercells with hails above 50 mm are analyzed. Lixian supercell occurred at Lixian, Heibei Province on 25 June 2020, and Zhangqiu supercell occurred at Zhangqiu, Shandong Province on 9 July 2021. The results show that two supercells occurred in similar weather pattern (northwest flow) and large vertical wind shear environmental conditions which is conducive to the generation and maintenance of supercell storms, but Zhangqiu supercell is with stronger convective effective potential energy, larger humidity, and higher wet bulb 0℃ layer height. The main similarities include obvious differential reflectivity (ZDR) arcs along the forward flank of supercell storms, ZDR rings distributed around the updraft in the middle layer, and obvious ZDR columns and specific differential phase (KDP) columns above the 0℃ level. ZDR arcs are associated with large raindrops or small melting hail particles, ZDR columns mark the location of convective updrafts as large raindrops or wet ice particles are lofted to subfreezing temperatures, and KDP columns are dominated by large concentrations of small and medium-sized raindrops or melting ice particles. The similarity of the updraft structure plays a key role in the commonness or similarity of the polarization characteristics. The main differences are stronger reflectivity factor ZH, but lower height of ZDR column and KDP column in Lixian supercell. The strong overhang echo above the weak echo area in Lixian supercell contains large hail particles generated by cumulated growth. After the overhanging large hail particles enters the descending channel, they will produce obvious growth again and become more irregular, resulting in stronger horizontal polarization reflectivity factor ZH and smaller correlation coefficient. The obvious differential attenuation signature and nonuniform beam filling are observed in low level of Lixian supercell. The differential attenuation caused a decrease in the differential reflectivity as the beam propagates through large hail cores. Nonuniform beam filling is generated by inhomogeneous filling of different hydrometeor particles in the sampling volume. Under similar weather patterns, the distribution characteristic of humidity vertical profile is one of the key environmental factors of storm intensity. Lixian supercell storm occured in very low humidity vertical distribution environment, while Zhangqiu supercell storm occured in wetter environment.
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Key words:
- supercell;
- dual-polarization;
- ZDR column;
- KDP column;
- difference
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图 1 降水量(数值，单位：mm)与大风(风羽)实况
(a)2020年6月25日17:00—19:00，(b)2021年7月9日14:00—16:00
Fig. 1 Observed precipitation(the value, unit:mm) and strong wind(the barb)
(a)from 1700 BT to 1900 BT on 25 Jun 2020, (b) from 1400 BT to 1600 BT on 9 Jul 2021
图 2 2020年6月25日08:00和2021年7月9日08:00位势高度(黑色实线，单位：dagpm)、温度场(红色虚线，单位：℃)和风场(风羽)
Fig. 2 Geopotential height(the black solid line, unit:dagpm), temperature(the red dashed line, unit:℃) and wind(the barb) at 0800 BT 25 Jun 2020 and 0800 BT 9 Jul 2021
图 3 2020年6月25日18:12石家庄雷达不同仰角的水平极化反射率因子、平均径向速度、差分反射率、比差分相移和相关系数
(白色圆圈为中气旋)
Fig. 3 Horizontal polarization reflectivity, base velocity, differential reflectivity, specific differential phase and correlation coefficient with different elevation from Shijiazhuang radar at 1812 BT 25 Jun 2020
(the white cycle denotes mesocyclone)
图 4 2020年6月25日18:12石家庄雷达的水平极化反射率因子、差分反射率、比差分相移和相关系数沿74°径向垂直剖面
(粉色、红色、白色和蓝色水平实线分别为湿球0℃层、0℃层、-10℃层和-20℃层高度)
Fig. 4 Cross-sections of horizontal polarization reflectivity, differential reflectivity, specific differential phase and correlation coefficient along 74° radial direction from Shijiazhuang radar at 1812 BT 25 Jun 2020
(pink, red, white and blue horizontal solid lines denote heights of the wet bulb 0℃ layer, 0℃ layer, -10℃ layer and-20℃ layer, respectively)
图 5 2021年7月9日14:36济南雷达不同仰角的水平极化反射率因子、平均径向速度、差分反射率、比差分相移和相关系数
(白色圆圈为中气旋, 黑色箭头为风暴移动方向)
Fig. 5 Horizontal polarization reflectivity, base velocity, differential reflectivity, specific differential phase and correlation coefficient with different elevation from Jinan radar at 1436 BT 9 Jul 2021
(the white cycle denotes mesocyclone, the black arrow denotes the moving direction of supercell)
图 6 2021年7月9日14:36济南雷达水平极化反射率因子、差分反射率、比差分相移和相关系数沿90°径向垂直剖面
(粉色、红色、白色和蓝色水平实线分别为湿球0℃层高度、0℃层高度、-10℃层高度和-20℃层高度)
Fig. 6 Cross-sections of horizontal polarization reflectivity, differential reflectivity, specific differential phase and correlation coefficient along 90° radial direction from Jinan radar at 1436 BT 9 Jul 2021
(pink, red, white and blue horizontal solid lines denote heights of the wet bulb 0℃ layer, 0℃ layer, -10℃ layer and-20℃ layer, respectively)
表 1 邢台和章丘探空环境物理量
Table 1 Environmental physical parameters obtained by sounding of Xingtai and Zhangqiu
物理量 邢台
2020-06-25T08:00章丘
2021-07-09T08:00K指数/℃ 11 30 850 hPa和500 hPa的温差/℃ 29.6 29.3 抬升指数/℃ -1.7 -6.3 对流有效位能/(J·kg-1) 430(2400*) 2330(4550*) 对流抑制能量/(J·kg-1) 470 0 整层比湿积分/(g·kg-1) 2115 3206 0~6 km风切变/(m·s-1) 16.4 19.5 0~3 km风切变/(m·s-1) 10.6 16.6 500 hPa风速/(m·s-1) 15 11 500 hPa气温/℃ -11 -9 注：*表示订正后的对流有效位能。 
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表 2 蠡县和章丘超级单体风暴参数平均值
Table 2 Averaged values of storm parameters of supercells at Lixian and Zhangqiu
参数 蠡县强风暴 章丘强风暴 最大反射率因子/dBZ 77.1 65.6 最大反射率因子所在高度/km 5.1(-5℃高度) 4.6(-3℃高度) 风暴顶高/km 9.5(12.4*) 12.8(-47℃高度) 基于单体的垂直积分液态水含量/(kg·m-2) 68.0 86.3 差分反射率柱高度/km 8.0(-24℃高度) 11.4(-48℃高度) 比差分相移柱高度/km 7.7(-22℃高度) 9.0(-32℃高度) 最大旋转速度/(m·s-1) 19.4 20.2 最大旋转速度所在高度/km 5.8 5.1 风暴顶辐散强度/(m·s-1) 58.0 60.3 注：*表示沧州雷达探测到的蠡县超级单体风暴顶高度。
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