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Macro and Micro Characteristics of a Fog Process in Changbai Mountain in Summer
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摘要: 2021年夏季首次利用激光雾滴谱仪开展长白山主峰雾的观测研究。结合地面自动气象站、探空、葵花8号高分辨率卫星资料和ERA5再分析资料, 对2021年7月31日—8月1日长白山主峰出现的持续时间达19 h、最低能见度小于100 m的雾过程的宏微观特征分析表明:此次雾过程具有持续时间长、环境风速大、能见度低、有短暂消散, 且数浓度低、有效直径和液态水含量小等特征。雾滴有效直径平均值为5.7 μm, 数浓度平均值为246.4 cm-3, 液态水含量平均值为0.05 g·cm-3, 其微物理特征与海雾特征接近。雾过程开始为爬坡雾, 这是长白山主峰夏季典型的地形云雾, 随后由高空云层平流至长白山主峰而接地产生。在强浓雾的形成、发展和减弱阶段, 雾滴数浓度、液态水含量和有效直径的变化具有较好对应关系;在成熟阶段, 雾滴数浓度、液态水含量和有效直径变化的对应关系不明显。Abstract: In the summer of 2021, the fog droplet spectrum observation is carried out on the main peak of Changbai Mountain for the first time. From 31 July to 1 August, there is a fog process that lasts for 19 hours, and the minimum visibility in the extremely dense fog stage is less than 100 m. Using the observations of laser fog droplet spectrometer, combined with the ground automatic weather station, GPS balloon sounding, Himawari-8 satellite and ERA5 data, the macro and micro physical characteristics of the fog are studied, the causes of the fog are discussed, and the microphysical characteristics evolutions of the extremely dense fog period are analyzed.The results show that the fog process lasts for a long duration with occasional short dissipation, and during the process the ambient wind speed is high, the visibility is low, the number concentration of the droplets is low, with small effective diameter and low liquid water content. The wind speed is always high in the period of extremely dense fog, which is significantly different from that of plain fog. In the early stage the fog is arisen from windward slope, which is a typical topographical cloud and fog on the main peak of Changbai Mountain in summer. It is formed by the continuous southwest warm and humid airflow climbing along the terrain under the condition of stable temperature inversion stratification. While the latter process of the fog is generated by the advection to the main peak of Changbai Mountain. The temporary dissipation of fog is related to the intensity and movement of the jet core at 700 hPa. The average effective diameter of fog droplets is 5.7 μm, the average number concentration is 246.4 cm-3, and the average liquid water content is 0.05 g·cm-3. The microphysical characteristics are similar to those of sea fog.For the extremely dense fog, the minimum visibility is less than 100 m. The extremely dense fog is characterized by explosive enhancement. Due to the rapid expansion of the droplets through the turbulent collision process, a single peak structure is formed. The peak diameter of the droplet particles is 6.0 μm, which has a significant contribution to the formation of the summer fog on the main peak of Changbai Mountain. In the formation, development and weakening stages of the extremely dense fog, the changes of droplet number concentration, liquid water content and effective diameter have a good corresponding relationship, but it is not obvious in the mature stage.
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图 1 2021年7月31日—8月1日700 hPa温度场(红色实线，单位：℃)、风场(矢量)及12 m·s-1以上全风速(填色)
Fig. 1 Temperature(the red solid line, unit:℃), wind(the vector) and full wind speed above 12 m·s-1(the shaded) at 700 hPa from 31 Jul to 1 Aug in 2021
图 2 2021年7月31日—8月1日长白山天池站温度和相对湿度的垂直分布
Fig. 2 Vertical distribution of temperature and relative humidity at Tianchi Weather Station of Changbai Mountain from 31 Jul to 1 Aug in 2021
图 3 2021年7月31日—8月1日临江站温度和相对湿度的垂直分布
Fig. 3 Vertical distribution of temperature and relative humidity at Linjiang Station from 31 Jul to 1 Aug in 2021
图 4 2021年7月31日13:00和17:00葵花8号卫星高分辨率自然彩色合成云图(△代表雾滴谱仪位置)
Fig. 4 High-resolution natural color composite cloud images of the Himawari-8 Satellite at 1300 BT and 1700 BT on 31 Jul 2021(△ denotes the location of fog droplet spectrometer)
图 5 2021年7月31日—8月1日物理量演变
Fig. 5 Evolution of physical quantities from 31 Jul to 1 Aug in 2021
图 6 2021年7月31日—8月1日雾滴谱分布
Fig. 6 Droplet spectral distribution from 31 Jul to 1 Aug in 2021
图 7 2021年7月31日12:09—16:59雾滴谱分布
Fig. 7 Droplet spectrum distribution from 1209 BT to 1659 BT on 31 Jul 2021
表 1 雾过程的物理量统计值
Table 1 Statistics of physical quantities in fog process
时段 统计量 气温/℃ 数浓度/cm-3 液态水含量/(g·cm-3) 有效直径/μm 最小值 10.1 0.14 5.94×10-7 2.0 全过程 最大值 13.5 1261.7 0.65 34.0 平均值 11.8 246.4 0.05 5.7 最小值 11.0 0.1 5.94×10-7 2.0 子过程1 最大值 13.5 1261.7 0.65 34.0 平均值 12.5 477.1 0.10 7.1 最小值 10.1 0.1 5.94×10-7 2.0 子过程2 最大值 12.1 296.6 0.08 20.4 平均值 11.2 35.3 0.20×10-2 4.5 
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表 2 长白山主峰雾与其他地区雾的微物理特征比较
Table 2 Comparison of microphysical characteristics of fog on the main peak of Changbai Mountain and other areas
地点 海拔/m 时间 数浓度平均值/cm-3 有效直径平均值/μm 峰值直径/μm 液态水含量平均值/(g·cm-3) 长白山主峰 2623 2021-07-31—08-01 246.4 5.7 4.0 0.05 南岭大瑶山[18] 815 1998-12—1991-01
2001-02—03167.8 8.4 4.0 0.16 衡山[17] 1266 1962-05 359.3 12.1 8.0 0.40 庐山[13] 1500 1962-07—08 453.5 15.2 10.0 0.86 泰山[17] 1100 1981-02—04 395.5 11.7 9.0 0.66 济南[33] 2017-01-03—06 35.9 5.8 0.65×10-2 安徽寿县[34] 2019-01-07—08;2019-01-11—13 195.6 5.9 0.09 南京[35] 2006-12-24—27 488.7 5.8 0.35 厦门翔安[36] 2019-04-07 100.0 0.17
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表 3 2021年7月31日12：09—16：59强浓雾期间各物理量演变
Table 3 Evolution of physical quantities during extremely dense fog from 1209 BT to 1659 BT on 31 Jul 2021
物理量 形成阶段
12:09—12:32发展阶段
12:32—13:45成熟阶段
13:45—16:00减弱阶段
16:00—16:59气温/℃ 13.4
(13.3~13.5)13.1
(13.0~13.4)13.0
(12.8~13.2)12.7
(12.3~12.9)数浓度/cm-3 482.7
(0.2~1125.2)712.6
(253.6~1228.6)655.4
(6.2~1261.7)405.6
(0.173~1095.9)液态水含量/(g·cm-3) 0.09
(5.97×10-6~0.46)0.20
(0.03~0.65)0.14
(2.00×10-4~0.53)0.10
(2.45×10-6~0.44)有效直径/μm 7.5
(3.6~22.5)9.2
(6.3~12.4)8.0
(4.4~10.5)7.6
(3.0~34.0)注：括号内数据表示不同阶段各物理量变化范围。
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