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Weather Conditions and Cloud Microphysical Characteristics of an Aircraft Severe Icing Process
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摘要: 利用2021年2月28日机载探测资料, 结合欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析资料、陕西省延安站探空资料, 分析飞机发生严重积冰的天气背景和云的宏微观结构特征。此次严重积冰天气是受高空槽、低空切变线、低空急流和地面冷锋共同影响的结果。ERA5再分析资料表明:过冷水大值区主要分布于锋区前部暖侧的700 hPa至600 hPa高度。探空资料表明:飞机探测区环境温度为-9~-3℃, 温度露点差为0℃, 具有发生严重积冰的温度和湿度条件。飞机遭遇严重积冰期间环境温度为-8~-5℃, 云粒子探头观测的液态水含量平均为0.35 g·m-3, 最大为0.7 g·m-3;总水含量仪观测的液态水含量平均为0.5 g·m-3, 最大为0.85 g·m-3, 有11 min大于0.45 g·m-3;云粒子中值体积直径平均为20.3 μm, 云粒子数浓度平均为149.3 cm-3;云粒子数浓度由低层到高层呈增大趋势, 而云粒子中值体积直径变化趋势与之相反。计算表明:国王350飞机在穿云作业时, 云中过冷水含量分别高于0.04 g·m-3, 0.15 g·m-3和0.45 g·m-3时可能遭遇轻度积冰、中度积冰和严重积冰。Abstract: Based on the aircraft measurements on 28 February 2021, combined with ERA5 reanalysis data and sounding data, the weather background and the characteristics of cloud structure of a severe icing case on the aircraft are analyzed. The severe icing process is induced by the joint influence of high-level trough, low-level shear line, low-level jet and cold front. The ERA5 reanalysis data show that the maximum value area of supercooled water is mainly distributed at the height of 700 hPa to 600 hPa on the warm side of the front area and the ambient temperature is -4 to -12℃, accompanied by an upward movement of -0.2 to -0.8 Pa·s-1. The sounding data show that the cloud system is distributed in multiple layers. There is a deep dry layer between the upper ice crystal cloud and the lower supercooled water cloud. The temperature in the aircraft detection area is -9 to -3℃ and the dew-point spread is 0℃, which are favorable for icing. During the icing process, the air temperature is -8 to -5℃. Aircraft measurements show that there is abundant supercooled water in clouds. The average liquid water content by cloud particles probe is 0.35 g·m-3, and the maximum value is 0.7 g·m-3. The average liquid water content by total water content measurement probes is 0.5 g·m-3, the maximum value is 0.85 g·m-3, and for 11 minutes the liquid water content is larger than 0.45 g·m-3. The average median volume diameter of cloud particles is 20.3 μm, and the number concentration of cloud particles is 149.3 cm-3 on average. The number concentration of cloud particles tends to increase from low level to high level and vice versa for the median volume diameter of cloud particles. Finally, the conditions with different icing intensity that the King-air 350 aircraft may encounte during weather modification work in the cloud are discussed. The calculation shows that the King-air 350 aircraft carries out observation research or weather modification tasks when the liquid water content in the cloud is higher than 0.04 g·m-3, 0.15 g·m-3 and 0.45 g·m-3, it may encounter light, moderate, and severe icing, under certain conditions.
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图 1 探测飞行情况
(a)飞行轨迹，(b)飞行高度-时间变化
Fig. 1 Detection of flight
(a)flight track, (b)altitude-time variation
图 2 2021年2月28日08:00天气图
(黑色实线代表位势高度, 单位：dagpm;黑色虚线代表等温线，单位：℃;黑色三角代表观测到严重积冰区域)
Fig. 2 Weather chart at 0800 BT 28 Feb 2021
(the black solid line denotes the geopotential height, unit:dagpm;the black dashed line denotes the isotherm, unit:℃;the black triangle denotes the area of severe icing)
图 4 2021年2月28日09:00液态水含量垂直分布
(黑色阴影为地形；紫色矩形框表示飞机观测到严重积冰区域；填色表示液态水含量；红色虚线表示等温线，单位：℃；黑色虚线表示垂直速度，单位：Pa·s-1)
(a)沿36.25°N纬向剖面，(b)沿111.25°E经向剖面Fig. 4 Distribution of liquid water content at 0900 BT 28 Feb 2021
(the black denotes terrain;the purple box denotes the area of severe icing;the colour shaded denotes the liquid water content;the red dashed line denotes the isotherm, unit:℃;the black dashed line denotes vertical velocity, unit:Pa·s-1)
(a)the zonal section along 36.25°N, (b)the meridional section along 111.25°E
图 8 暴露距离及积冰速率
(a)总水含量仪观测的液态水含量(WCM-LWC) 随暴露距离变化(黑色虚线表示积冰强度阈值)，(b)积冰速率(黑色虚线表示时间阈值)
Fig. 8 Exposure distance and icing rate
(a)WCM-LWC varying with exposure distance (the dashed line denotes the threshold of icing intensity), (b)icing rate (the dashed line denotes the threshold of time)
表 1 机载测量设备功能及参数
Table 1 Airborne instrumentations and main parameters
仪器名称 设备功能 测量范围 精度 云粒子探头 测量云滴粒子 2~50 μm 1~12通道:1 μm；13~30通道:2 μm 综合气象要素测量系统 测量温度，风速，风向，经纬度，海拔 海拔：0~15 km温度：-20~+40℃ 测温：0.05℃；风速：0.5 m·s-1 总水含量仪 测量液态水含量，总水含量 0~10 g·m-3 0.001 g·m-3 
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