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Construction of Air-sounding-profile System Based on Foundation-remote-sensing Equipment
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摘要: 利用天津地基遥感(风廓线雷达和微波辐射计)数据及地面自动气象站数据构建地基遥感探空廓线系统(简称遥感探空廓线), 旨在弥补常规探空层结信息时空密度不足, 对2020—2021年5—9月遥感探空廓线反演结果进行模式检验, 并从中选取10次强对流过程进行个例效果评估。结果表明:反演数据与欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析数据(ERA5)比湿的平均绝对偏差为1.06 g·kg-1, 对流有效位能相关系数为0.84(达到0.01显著性水平)。10次强对流过程中强对流发生前临近时次常规探空对流有效位能平均值为322 J·kg-1, 遥感探空廓线具有分钟级时间分辨率, 能高时效性地跟踪大气状态的演变趋势, 对流发生前8 h内对流有效位能平均峰值为1451.88 J·kg-1, 与常规探空相比具备明显对流指征。研究表明:遥感探空廓线能动态描述热动力参数的配置及对流潜势的发展与释放过程, 有利于提高短时临近预报的精细化水平。Abstract: Radiosonde data are indispensable for severe convective weather forecast because they can not only reflect the temperature and humidity structure and dynamic characteristics of local atmosphere, but also indicate the favorable conditions of convection initiation and development. However, the conventional radiosonde cannot capture local environmental parameters instantly due to insufficient space layout and low detection frequency, and the drift of sounding balloon worsens the representativeness of data. Acquiring accurate high-resolution data of temperature, humidity and horizontal wind is in great need. Combining ground-based remote sensing data and automatic weather station (AWS) data, including data of wind profile radar and AWS at Xiqing Station and radiometer at Tieta Station, a Foundation-remote-sensing Air-sounding-profile System (FAS) is constructed based on the strength of specific humidity profile inversion method and WPR-HW method. The inversion results of FAS is verified using European Centre for Mudium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis (ERA5) through 10 severe convective weather cases.The comparison shows that the inversion data of specific humidity and convective available potential energy (CAPE) from FAS has good consistency with ERA5 data. The correlation coefficient is 0.93, the root mean square error is 1.4 g·kg-1, the mean absolute deviation is 1.06 g·kg-1, and the mean relative deviation is 11.22% for 130 groups of specific humidity between FAS and ERA5 data. The correlation coefficient is 0.84, and the mean relative deviation is 35% for CAPE in 65 groups. The comparison test verifies the credibility of FAS data (correlation coefficients of specific humidity and CAPE both passing the test of 0.01 level). The time resolution of FAS is much higher. The mean interval time between Beijing radiosonde's occurrence time and severe convection's occurrence time is 7 h 18 min, while FAS's time resolution is just a few minutes. As a result, the mean value of CAPE detected by Beijing radiosonde is 322 J·kg-1, which is too low to indicate local convective potential in the afternoon or evening, while the mean value by FAS is 1451.88 J·kg-1, which can describe the change of atmospheric state during severe convection. FAS has high practical value in short-term forecast, as it can be used to determine the presence of convective potential and distinguish severe convective weather types timely through the configuration of convective parameters. The FAS can also capture elaborate thermodynamic structure of meso-scale and micro-scale weather system before the occurrence of severe convection. The FAS can significantly improve the lead time and accuracy of forecast.
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图 1 遥感探空廓线与ERA5比湿对比
(a)比湿散点图，(b)比湿平均值随高度变化，(c)比湿均方根误差随高度变化，(d)比湿平均相对偏差随高度变化
Fig. 1 Comparison of specific humidity processed from Foundation-remote-sensing Air-sounding-profile System and ERA5 data
(a)the scatter diagram of humidity, (b)the mean of humidity varing with height, (c)the root mean square error of humidity varing with height, (d)the mean relative deviation of humidity varing with height
图 2 遥感探空廓线与ERA5对流有效位能对比
Fig. 2 Comparison of convective available potential energy processed from Foundation-remote-sensing Air-sounding-profile System and ERA5 data
图 3 2020年8月1日的T-lnp图
(黄色填色区指示对流有效位能)
Fig. 3 T-lnp on 1 Aug 2020
(the yellow shaded denotes convective available potential energy)
图 4 2020年8月1日天津西青站地基遥感反演产品及区域自动气象站降水量
(a)14:30—20:30天津西青站遥感探空廓线对流有效位能及自动气象站降水量，(b)16:30—20:30风廓线雷达水平风场时间-高度图(填色为风速)
Fig. 4 Retrieved products of ground-based remote sensing data at Xiqing Station of Tianjin and precipitation observed by automatic weather station on 1 Aug 2020
(a)convective available potential energy and precipitation from 1430 BT to 2030 BT, (b)time-altitude section of horizontal wind field from 1630 BT to 2030 BT (the shaded denotes velocity)
图 5 2021年5月26日的T-lnp图
(黄色填色区指示对流有效位能)
Fig. 5 T-lnp on 26 May 2021
(the yellow shaded denotes convective available potential energy)
图 6 2021年5月26日天津西青站地基遥感反演产品及地面极大风风速实况
(a)10:00—16:00遥感探空廓线对流有效位能及自动气象站观测的极大风风速时序图，(b)12:00—16:00风廓线雷达水平风场时间-高度图(填色为风速)
Fig. 6 Retrieved products of ground-based remote sensing data and observed maximum wind speed at Xiqing Station of Tianjin on 26 May 2021
(a)convective available potential energy and maximum wind speed from 1000 BT to 1600 BT, (b)time-altitude section of horizontal wind field from 1200 BT to 1600 BT (the shaded denotes velocity)
表 1 北京探空与天津遥感探空在10次强对流过程的对比
Table 1 Comparison of 10 convective cases from Beijing radiosonde and Tianjin Foundation-remote-sensing Air-sounding-profile System
强对流实况 北京探空 天津遥感探空 日期 时间 间隔 对流有效位能/(J·kg-1) 整层比湿积分/(g·hPa·kg-1) 间隔 对流有效位能/(J·kg-1) 整层比湿积分/(g·hPa·kg-1) 2020-05-25 17:26 9 h 26 min 0.0 1910.0 小于15 min 3007.0 2318.8 2020-06-01 16:00 8 h 2.7 1197.1 2268.5 1054.6 2020-06-25 16:15 8 h 15 min 271.2 3230.7 1118.3 3267.3 2020-07-05 16:29 15 min 216.9 3631.1 1345.8 5185.6 2020-07-13 18:30 10 h 30 min 304.2 4369.9 856.4 4008.9 2020-08-01 19:25 11 h 25 min 451.7 4293.7 1464.4 5728.8 2020-08-12 13:25 5 h 25 min 561.7 4727.1 1501.9 6147.3 2020-09-23 06:01 8 h 1 min 515.6 2533.6 842.2 3645.5 2021-05-26 15:20 7 h 20 min 0.0 1511.3 1341.7 1248.3 2021-07-19 12:25 4 h 25 min 446.4 4705.2 772.6 6098.4 
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表 2 2020年8月1日08：00北京探空和14：00天津遥感探空廓线对流参数对比
Table 2 Comparison of convective parameters processed from Beijing radiosonde at 0800 BT and Tianjin Remote-Atmospheric Profile System at 1400 BT on 1 Aug 2020
对流参数 08：00北京探空 14：00天津遥感探空廓线 对流有效位能/(J·kg-1) 451.7 1455.4 对流抑制能量/(J·kg-1) 297.0 5.1 K指数 37 39 抬升指数/℃ -1.73 -4.37 自由对流高度/hPa 554.9 943.2 整层比湿积分/(g·hPa·kg-1) 4293.7 5618.5
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