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Inspection of FY-3D Satellite Temperature Data Based on Horizontal Drift Round-trip Sounding Data
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摘要: 往返式平漂探空观测（以下简称平漂探空）可实现对流层至平流层低层大气温度廓线垂直探测以及平流层低层内持续4 h的水平温度分布探测。该文介绍利用平漂探空试验数据对风云3号气象卫星D星（FY-3D）反演温度数据的检验评估算法，基于该算法和2021年3—9月长江中下游平漂探空试验数据完成对卫星反演大气温度数据的检验。结果显示：FY-3D卫星反演的温度数据准确度总体较高，与平漂探空上升段数据平均绝对偏差约为1.34℃，与下降段数据平均绝对偏差约为1.93℃；卫星反演的100 hPa以上和850 hPa以下温度误差分别偏大0.59℃和0.33℃；卫星反演平流层温度准确度低于温度廓线，平均绝对偏差约为3.92℃；与平漂探空数据相比，卫星大气温度廓线分辨率较低、趋势较平滑，无法显示大气温度垂直分布和平流层温度水平分布的细节特征。Abstract: The horizontal drift round-trip sounding observation is a new sounding technology developed by China Meteorological Administration. By releasing one sounding balloon with this technology, three sections of observations can be obtained, including two sections of vertical tropospheric sounding(ascending and descending) with an interval of about 6 hours and a 4-hour horizontal sounding within the stratosphere. This technology effectively makes up for the insufficiency of conventional soundings, improving the time and space resolution of radiosonde data at a lower cost. The detection system adopts Beidou radiosonde, which significantly improves the accuracy of sounding and wind measurements. In addition, the drift section of horizontal drift round-trip sounding observation fills the gap of the stratospheric temperature detection technology in China. Therefore, horizontal drift round-trip sounding data can be used to verify the temperature profile and stratosphere temperature data of meteorological satellite.Fengyun series meteorological satellites are widely used in China, supporting the meteorological forecast in the Eastern Hemisphere. Among Fengyun satellites in use, FY-3D has the longest years of service. To test the accuracy of FY-3D satellite temperature products, an algorithm is designed according to the characteristics of the horizontal drift round-trip sounding data and satellite data, and the temporal and spatial thresholds are calculated. Based on this algorithm, FY-3D satellite retrieved atmospheric temperature data are verified using the horizontal drift round-trip sounding data in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze from March to September in 2021. It can be concluded from the inspection results that the temperature data of FY-3D satellite has a high accuracy, with an average absolute deviation of about 1.34℃ from the data of ascending section and 1.9℃ from the data of descending section. Above 100 hPa and below 850 hPa, the temperature errors of satellite data are 0.59℃ and 0.33℃ larger, respectively. The average absolute deviation of the stratosphere is about 3.92℃, which is slightly larger than the ascending section and descending section. Compared with the sounding profile, the satellite temperature profile has lower vertical resolution and smoother trend, so it cannot show more details of atmospheric vertical variation.
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图 1 2021年4月11日07:30南昌站上升段
(a)卫星与原始探空温度廓线，(b)卫星与稀疏化探空温度廓线，(c)温度误差随气压变化，(d)温度廓线误差分布(红色曲线为拟合线)
Fig. 1 Ascending section of Nanchang Station at 0730 BT 11 Apr 2021
(a)temperature profiles from satellite and original sounding, (b)temperature profiles from satellite and sparse sounding, (c)temperature error varying with air pressure, (d)error distribution of temperature profile(red curve denotes fitting curve)
图 2 2021年4月5日19:30赣州站上升段
(a)卫星与原始探空温度廓线，(b)卫星与稀疏化探空温度廓线，(c)温度误差随气压变化曲线，(d)温度廓线误差分布(红色曲线为拟合线)
Fig. 2 Ascending section of Ganzhou Station at 1930 BT 5 Apr 2021
(a)temperature profiles from satellite and original sounding, (b)temperature profiles from satellite and sparse sounding, (c)temperature error varying with air pressure, (d)error distribution of temperature profile(red curve denotes fitting curve)
图 3 2021年6月11日19:30长沙站平漂段
(a)卫星与原始探空温度廓线，(b)卫星与稀疏化探空温度廓线，(c)温度误差随时间变化曲线，(d)温度廓线误差分布(红色曲线为拟合线)
Fig. 3 The horizontal drift section of Changsha Station at 1930 BT 11 June 2021
(a)satellite and original sounding temperature profile, (b)satellite and sparse sounding temperature profile, (c)curve of temperature error changing with time, (d)error distribution of temperature profile(red curve denotes fitting curve)
图 4 2021年6月25日13:30武汉站下降段
(a)卫星与原始探空温度廓线，(b)卫星与稀疏化探空温度廓线，(c)温度误差随气压变化曲线，(d)温度廓线误差分布(红色曲线为拟合线)
Fig. 4 Descending section of Wuhan Station at 1330 BT 25 Jun 2021
(a)temperature profiles from satellite and original sounding, (b)temperature profiles from satellite and sparse sounding, (c)temperature error varying with air pressure, (d)error distribution of temperature profile(red curve denotes fitting curve)
图 5 2021年4月9日01:30宜昌站下降段
(a)卫星与原始探空温度廓线，(b)卫星与稀疏化探空温度廓线，(c)温度误差随气压变化曲线，(d)温度廓线误差分布(红色曲线为拟合线)
Fig. 5 Descending section of Yichang Station at 0130 BT 9 Apr 2021
(a)temperature profiles from satellite and original sounding, (b)temperature profiles from satellite and sparse sounding, (c)temperature error varying with air pressure, (d)error distribution of temperature profile(red curve denotes fitting curve)
表 1 卫星数据检验评估结果
Table 1 Inspection and evaluation of satellite data
平漂探空数据段 匹配次数 平均绝对偏差/℃ 均方根误差/℃ 相关系数 上升段 367 1.34 1.95 0.99 平漂段 249 3.92 4.10 0.04 下降段 769 1.93 2.46 0.99 
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表 2 上升段卫星数据检验评估结果
Table 2 Inspection and evaluation of satellite data at ascending section
探空站 07:30 19:30 平均绝对偏差/℃ 均方根误差/℃ 平均绝对偏差/℃ 均方根误差/℃ 武汉 1.32 1.74 1.18 1.58 南昌 1.32 1.99 1.12 1.88 宜昌 1.22 1.60 1.30 1.66 安庆 1.51 1.86 1.46 2.11 赣州 1.12 1.48 1.38 2.95 长沙 2.15 2.95 1.06 1.34
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表 3 平漂段卫星数据检验评估结果
Table 3 Inspection and evaluation of satellite data at horizontal drift section
探空站 平均绝对偏差/℃ 均方根误差/℃ 武汉 3.33 3.56 南昌 3.03 3.20 宜昌 3.24 3.41 安庆 4.42 4.60 赣州 3.56 3.72 长沙 5.97 6.09
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表 4 下降段卫星数据检验评估结果
Table 4 Inspection and evaluation of satellite data at descending section
探空站 13:30 01:30 平均绝对偏差/℃ 均方根误差/℃ 平均绝对偏差/℃ 均方根误差/℃ 武汉 3.67 4.43 2.16 2.73 南昌 1.33 1.79 3.32 4.30 宜昌 1.67 2.06 1.04 1.38 安庆 1.54 2.00 1.41 2.16 赣州 1.60 2.09 1.03 1.30 长沙 3.26 3.79 1.13 1.51
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表 5 不同高度卫星数据的检验结果
Table 5 Test of satellite data at different altitudes
高度 平均绝对偏差/℃ 均方根误差/℃ 地面至850 hPa* 1.68 1.93 850 hPa至100 hPa** 1.16 1.62 100 hPa至10 hPa 1.75 2.21 注：*表示含850 hPa, **表示含100 hPa。
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表 6 云对卫星反演温度的影响
Table 6 Influence of statistical cloud on satellite inversion temperature
探空数据段 云状态 探空湿度廓线云判识算法 FY-3D成像仪云数据 平均绝对偏差/℃ 均方根误差/℃ 平均绝对偏差/℃ 均方根误差/℃ 上升段 有云 1.60 3.01 1.63 2.92 无云 1.28 1.70 1.32 1.91 下降段 有云 2.08 2.59 1.74 2.22 无云 1.73 2.31 1.28 1.71
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