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Environmental Characteristics of Extratropical Cyclone Tornadoes in Liaoning
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摘要: 利用欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析数据, 统计1979—2020年辽宁省42个温带气旋龙卷环境背景和物理量参数特征, 结果表明:辽宁省温带气旋龙卷多发于温带气旋中心的西南、东南象限, 与冷锋前暖区相对应, 主要分布在辽河平原中西部及渤海湾沿岸, 强龙卷(EF2及以上级别)占比为28.6%。风暴相对螺旋度和对流有效位能的大值区出现在气旋西南—东南象限, 呈带状分布, 龙卷风暴主要分布于风暴相对螺旋度大值区西北侧、对流有效位能大值区的顶端的强梯度区附近。强龙卷参数最大值达0.7, 其大值区与EF2及以上级别龙卷相对应。地面冷锋和干线是温带气旋龙卷的关键触发系统, 对比近气旋中心和冷锋尾部湿度垂直分布, 后者所表现的高层强干侵入导致风暴产生更强的冷池, 过强的下沉气流可能是龙卷产生的不利因素。温带气旋龙卷多分布于高空急流左侧气流的分流区内, 对应高空强辐散区。0~3 km垂直温度递减率大值区与气旋中心附近的弱龙卷高发区有较好对应关系。Abstract: Liaoning is one of the active regions for tornadoes in China, and the generation of a considerable number of tornadoes is associated with extratropical cyclones. In order to improve the understanding of environmental background and physical parameter characteristics, 42 extratropical cyclone tornadoes in Liaoning from 1979 to 2020 are statistically analyzed. The study is based on the reanalysis data of ERA5(ECMWF Reanalysis V5), combining with records of China Meteorological Disaster Classic and China Meteorological Disaster Yearbook. Results show that extratropical cyclone tornadoes are mainly distributed in the central and western Liaohe Plain and along the coast of the Bohai Bay. Significant tornadoes(EF2 and above) account for 28.6% of all extratropical cyclone tornadoes.Extratropical cyclone tornadoes occur mostly in the southwest and southeast quadrants of extratropical cyclones, corresponding to the warm area before the cold front. The high-value area of the storm relative helicity and convective available potential energy(CAPE) appear in the southwest-southeast quadrant of the extratropical cyclones, with a belt-like distribution. Extratropical cyclone tornadoes are mainly distributed within 1° of latitude in the northwest of the large-value area of storm relative helicity and the strong gradient area at the top of the large-value area of CAPE. The strong tornado parameter(STP) center is located near the -2° of longitude distance and -5° of latitude distance from the center of tornadic extratropical cyclones, and the maximum value is above 0.7. The large value area of STP corresponds to the high-incidence area of EF2 and above extratropical cyclone tornadoes. The cold front and dry line in the surface are the key trigger of extratropical cyclone tornadoes, and the induced tornadoes are mainly distributed near the warm ridge of temperature field and the top of the tongue of humidity field. Comparing the vertical distribution of humidity near the center of tornadic extratropical cyclones and the tail of the cold front, the strong cold pool caused by the strong high-level dry intrusion can generate excessively strong downdraft, which may be an unfavorable factor for tornado formation. Extratropical cyclone tornadoes are mostly distributed in the distributary area of the left air flow of the upper-level jet, corresponding to the strong upper-level divergence area. The large value area of 0-3 km vertical temperature lapse rate has a good correspondence with the high incidence area of weak tornadoes near the center of extratropical cyclones.
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Key words:
- tornado;
- extratropical cyclone;
- environmental parameters;
- Liaoning
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图 1 2020年6—8月锦州站探空与ERA5对比
Fig. 1 Sounding and ERA5 at Jinzhou Station from Jun to Aug in 2020
图 2 1979—2020年辽宁省温带气旋龙卷分布
(填色为海拔高度；蓝色标记为龙卷)
Fig. 2 Distribution of extratropical cyclone tornado in Liaoning from 1979 to 2020
(the shaded denotes altitude;the blue mark denotes tornado)
图 3 龙卷相对温带气旋中心分布
(黑色等值线为900 hPa位势高度，单位：dagpm；风羽为900 hPa风场；填色为900 hPa相对涡度；蓝色标记为龙卷；蓝色等值线为龙卷分布的核密度估计，最内圈为90%，最外圈为10%；气旋中心位于(0, 0))
Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of tornado relative to the center of extratropical cyclone
(the black isoline denotes the height at 900 hPa, unit:dagpm;the barb denotes wind at 900 hPa; the shaded denotes relative vorticity at 900 hPa; the blue mark denotes tornado;the blue isoline denotes the kernel density estimation of tornadoes, the innermost(outermost) circle is 90%(10%); the center of extratropical cyclone is located at (0, 0))
图 4 产生龙卷的温带气旋附近的0~1 km风暴相对螺旋度(填色) 分布
(黑色等值线为900 hPa位势高度，单位：dagpm；风羽为900 hPa风场；蓝色标记为龙卷；气旋中心位于(0, 0))
Fig. 4 Distribution of 0-1 km storm relative helicity (the shaded) near tornadic extratropical cyclone
(the black isoline denotes the height at 900 hPa, unit:dagpm;the barb denotes wind at 900 hPa; the blue mark denotes tornado;the center of extratropical cyclone is located at (0, 0))
图 7 产生龙卷的温带气旋附近地面2 m温度(填色) (a)、2 m露点(填色) (b)分布
(黑色等值线为海平面气压场，单位：hPa；风羽为地面10 m风场；蓝色标记为龙卷；气旋中心位于(0, 0))
Fig. 7 Distribution of temperature at 2 m (the shaded) (a), dew point temperature at 2 m (the shaded) (b) near tornadic extratropical cyclone
(the black isoline denotes the sea level pressure, unit:hPa;the barb denotes the wind at 10 m; the blue mark denotes tornado;the center of extratropical cyclone is located at (0, 0))
图 9 产生龙卷的温带气旋附近200 hPa形势场
(黑色等值线为200 hPa位势高度，单位:dagpm；棕色等值线为200 hPa等风速线，单位:m·s-1；蓝色等值线为90%龙卷核密度分布估计；风矢为200 hPa风场；填色为200 hPa散度)
Fig. 9 Distribution of weather situation field at 200 hPa near tornadic extratropical cyclone
(the black isoline denotes the height at 200 hPa, unit:dagpm;the brown isoline denotes the velocity at 200 hPa, unit:m·s-1;the blue isoline denotes 90% kernel density estimation of tornadoes; the vector denotes the wind at 200 hPa; the shaded denotes the divergence at 200 hPa)
图 11 辽宁省温带气旋龙卷典型天气流型概念模型
Fig. 11 Typical synoptic patterns of extratropical cyclone tornado in Liaoning
表 1 1979—2020年辽宁省温带气旋龙卷
Table 1 Extratropical cyclone tornado in Liaoning from 1979 to 2020
序号 时间 龙卷发生地 强度等级 来源 1 1980-06-20 兴城 EF2 《中国气象灾害大典》(辽宁卷) 2 1980-07-21 辽阳县 EF2 《中国气象灾害大典》(辽宁卷) 3 1983-07-04 瓦房店 EF0 地面观测 4 1983-07-21 瓦房店 EF1 《中国气象灾害大典》(辽宁卷) 5 1983-09-14 普兰店 EF1 《中国气象灾害大典》(辽宁卷) 6 1983-09-14 绥中 EF2 《中国气象灾害大典》(辽宁卷) 7 1984-05-27 义县 EF2 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 8 1984-06-09 喀左 EF0 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 9 1985-06-10 建昌 EF0 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 10 1986-07-14 苏家屯 EF2 《辽宁省志》(气象志) 11 1986-07-14 黑山 EF2 《辽宁省志》(气象志) 12 1986-07-14 葫芦岛 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 13 1986-07-22 阜新县 EF0 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 14 1986-08-08 康平 EF2 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 15 1986-08-12 阜新县 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 16 1987-06-19 朝阳县 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 17 1987-07-13 营口 EF0 地面观测 18 1988-09-06 北票 EF1 《辽宁省志》(气象志) 19 1988-09-06 阜新县 EF2 《辽宁省志》(气象志) 20 1989-06-24 阜新县 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 21 1989-05-18 阜新县 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 22 1990-06-22 大洼 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 23 1990-08-12 辽阳县 EF3 《辽宁省志》(气象志) 24 1991-07-15 阜新县 EF0 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 25 1992-08-10 黑山 EF2 《辽宁省志》(气象志) 26 1993-06-06 葫芦岛 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 27 1993-06-07 新民 EF0 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 28 1993-08-12 彰武 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 29 1996-09-19 庄河 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 30 1998-05-26 康平 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 31 2000-07-13 葫芦岛 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 32 2000-08-23 黑山 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 33 2002-07-31 辽中 EF1 地面观测 34 2005-06-01 绥中 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 35 2005-06-10 朝阳县 EF3 《中国气象灾害年鉴》 36 2005-06-11 沈阳 EF0 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 37 2005-07-01 盘山 EF0 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 38 2005-08-10 盖州 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 39 2010-07-27 彰武 EF1 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 40 2012-06-04 铁岭县 EF2 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 41 2012-07-02 大连 EF0 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 42 2013-09-06 大连 EF0 县级历史气象灾情收集资料 
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