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Performance of Domestically Made Surface Solar Radiation Observation System at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica
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摘要: 对2017年国产地面太阳辐射观测系统在南极中山站运行状况进行评估,结果表明:FS-6A日射表夜间热偏移平均绝对值低于3 W·m-2,通风加热器的加热效应在一定程度上影响了该日射表夜间热偏移,表现在夜间热偏移与近地面风速相关关系降低。与二等标准日射表CM22测值相比,全云天FS-6A日射表测值较CM22日射表偏低,辐照度在约500 W·m-2时低6 W·m-2或-1%,太阳天顶角θ≤86°时绝对(相对)差值平均值小于2.6 W·m-2(小于4.0%)。晴天FS-6A总辐射测值与(投射到水平面)直射辐射和散射辐射之和一致性较好,根据本底地面辐射观测站网(BSRN)设定的总辐射与直射和散射之和的差值阈值,θ＜80°时满足阈值(小于2%或小于15 W·m-2)比率为80%以上,而θ≥80°时四象限跟踪太阳模式下满足阈值(小于3.5%或小于20 W·m-2)的比率仅为44%。晴天总辐射、直射辐射、散射辐射测值与参数化模式模拟的辐射值可比性和一致性高、相关系数均大于0.95,但随着太阳辐照度增加,总辐射、直射辐射、散射辐射测值均高于模拟值。Abstract: Solar irradiance is one important element in conventional meteorology observations. Long-term observations of solar radiation by using China-made wide-band pyranometers have been carried out. However, the performance of instrumental systems is not sufficiently evaluated or analyzed, especially in the polar regions where harsh condition and large seasonal variations of solar elevation causes dramatic variation of surface solar irradiance. To fill this gap, the performance of the domestically made solar radiation observation systems at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica in 2017, including global solar radiation (GSR), direct solar radiation (DIR) and the diffuse solar radiation (DIF) measurements, is evaluated. The averaged nighttime thermal offsets of two domestic FS-6A pyranometers, respectively for GSR and DIF observations, are both less than 3 W·m-2, and their temporal variations are highly consistent. Compared with CM21 or CM22 pyranometer that reach the requirement of the second-class standard and are globally deployed, the additional heating effect of the auxiliary ventilation heater of FS-6A pyranometers significantly reduces the inherently physically-based correlation coefficient between the night thermal offset and the net longwave radiation, and the absolute values of FS-6A thermal offset significantly increase but are within 5 W·m-2 under higher wind speeds (noless than 15 m·s-1). The temporal variations of solar DIF irradiances from two FS-6A pyranometers are highly consistent under cloudy overcast condition, and their solar irradiance values are systemically lower (about -6 W·m-2 or -1%) than that of CM22 as the solar DIF irradiance is about 500 W·m-2 from CM22. However, the absolute (relative) difference is respectively lower than 2.6 W·m-2 (4.0%) as the solar zenith angle (θ) is less than 86 °. The GSR close examination suggests that the ratio of FS-6A GSR absolute difference from the sum of horizontally projected DIR and DIF meeting the requirement of threshold value (less than 2% or 15 W·m-2 with θ≤ 80°) proposed by the baseline surface radiation network (BSRN) is more than 80%. But only 44% samples meet the requirement of the BSRN threshold value (less than 3.5% or 20 W·m-2 with θ> 80°) when the four-quadrant tracking solar disk model is applied in operation. Under cloud-free condition, the measurements of GSR, DIR and DIF from the domestically made instruments are well comparable with the simulations from the parameterized solar radiation model that has been extensively applied in middle-low latitudes, and the correlation coefficients between the simulations and observations are more than 0.95. However, the observations are significantly higher than the simulations as the solar irradiance increases. The results suggest that China domestically made solar radiation observation system is fully qualified for the routine observation in polar regions.
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图 1 2017年夜间FS-6A观测的总辐射和散射辐射、CM21和CM22观测的总辐射小时平均热偏移
Fig. 1 Hourly night-time thermal offset in pyranometers for GSR observations by FS-6A, CM21 and CM22, and for DIF observations by FS-6A in 2017
图 2 FS-6A观测的总辐射和散射辐射、CM21和CM22观测的总辐射夜间热偏移的小时平均值与小时净长波值的关系
Fig. 2 Relationship between hourly night-time thermal offset and the net longwave radiation for GSR observations by FS-6A, CM21 and CM22, and for DIF observations by FS-6A
图 3 FS-6A观测的总辐射和散射辐射、CM21和CM22观测的总辐射夜间热偏移的小时平均值与风速的关系
Fig. 3 Relationship between hourly night-time thermal offset and wind speed for GSR observations by FS-6A, CM21 and CM22, and for DIF observations by FS-6A
图 4 所有天气情形下FS-6A日射表与CM21日射表(a)和CM22日射表(b)20 min总辐射平均测值比较
Fig. 4 Comparison of the 20-minute average GSR measured by FS-6A with those by CM21(a) and CM22(b) under all weather conditions
图 5 全云天FS-6A总辐射、散射辐射和CM21小时平均总辐射与CM22测值比较
Fig. 5 Hourly irradiance from the pyranometers of FS-6A GSR, FS-6A DIF and CM21 GSR observations compared with those by CM22 under cloudy overcast condition
图 7 晴天FS-6A日射表小时平均总辐射、直射辐射和散射辐射测值与模式模拟值比较
Fig. 7 Comparisons of hourly GSR, DIR and DIF between observations and model simulations under cloud-free condition
表 1 中山站日射表主要性能和ISO9060标准表的对应要求
Table 1 Main specifications of pyranometers deployed at Zhongshan Station and those meet ISO9060 standards
性能 FS-6A** CM21 CM22 ISO9060(二等标准表) ISO9060(一级日射表) 优化测量的光谱范围/nm 280~3200 310~2800 200~3600 热偏移热辐射
(净热辐射200 W·m-2)/(W·m-2)<15 <15 <3 <7 <15 余弦效应/(W·m-2)* ±20 ±10 ±5 ±10 ±30 95%响应时间/s 18 5 5 <10 <30 辐照度测量范围/(W·m-2) 0~1400 0~4000 0~4000 小时测量误差/% 2 2 3 8 日测值误差/% ±5 2 2 2 5 注：*表示法线方向入射辐照度为1000 W·m-2的光束从入射角到80°时的任何方向测量时引起的误差范围, **表示该仪器由厂家标定，其余仪器一般由国家级气象计量站定期标定。 
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表 2 全云天FS-6A日射表与CM22日射表的GSR和DIF绝对差值和相对差值的平均值
Table 2 The mean of absolute bias and relative bias of GSR and DIF between FS-6A and CM22 under cloudy overcast condition
统计量 θ＜80° 80°≤θ≤86° GSR DIF GSR DIF 小时平均绝对差值/(W·m-2) 1.7±1.3 2.6±1.6 0.6±0.7 0.7±0.6 小时平均相对差值/% 1.1 ±0.7 1.8±0.7 3.5±4.4 3.8±4.7 日平均绝对差值/(W·m-2) 1.7±1.4 2.5±1.6 0.6±0.5 0.7±0.6 日平均相对差值/% 1.1±1.0 2.6±1.9 3.3±4.8 3.7±4.7 月平均绝对差值/(W·m-2) 1.5±0.7 2.3±1.2 0.5±0.2 0.7±0.2 月平均相对差值/% 0.9±0.3 1.4±0.6 2.2±1.3 2.7±1.4 注：所有数值均为绝对差值的平均值±1个标准差。
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