设为首页
加入收藏
Performance of Domestically Made Surface Solar Radiation Observation System at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica
-
摘要: 对2017年国产地面太阳辐射观测系统在南极中山站运行状况进行评估,结果表明:FS-6A日射表夜间热偏移平均绝对值低于3 W·m-2,通风加热器的加热效应在一定程度上影响了该日射表夜间热偏移,表现在夜间热偏移与近地面风速相关关系降低。与二等标准日射表CM22测值相比,全云天FS-6A日射表测值较CM22日射表偏低,辐照度在约500 W·m-2时低6 W·m-2或-1%,太阳天顶角θ≤86°时绝对(相对)差值平均值小于2.6 W·m-2(小于4.0%)。晴天FS-6A总辐射测值与(投射到水平面)直射辐射和散射辐射之和一致性较好,根据本底地面辐射观测站网(BSRN)设定的总辐射与直射和散射之和的差值阈值,θ＜80°时满足阈值(小于2%或小于15 W·m-2)比率为80%以上,而θ≥80°时四象限跟踪太阳模式下满足阈值(小于3.5%或小于20 W·m-2)的比率仅为44%。晴天总辐射、直射辐射、散射辐射测值与参数化模式模拟的辐射值可比性和一致性高、相关系数均大于0.95,但随着太阳辐照度增加,总辐射、直射辐射、散射辐射测值均高于模拟值。Abstract: Solar irradiance is one important element in conventional meteorology observations. Long-term observations of solar radiation by using China-made wide-band pyranometers have been carried out. However, the performance of instrumental systems is not sufficiently evaluated or analyzed, especially in the polar regions where harsh condition and large seasonal variations of solar elevation causes dramatic variation of surface solar irradiance. To fill this gap, the performance of the domestically made solar radiation observation systems at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica in 2017, including global solar radiation (GSR), direct solar radiation (DIR) and the diffuse solar radiation (DIF) measurements, is evaluated. The averaged nighttime thermal offsets of two domestic FS-6A pyranometers, respectively for GSR and DIF observations, are both less than 3 W·m-2, and their temporal variations are highly consistent. Compared with CM21 or CM22 pyranometer that reach the requirement of the second-class standard and are globally deployed, the additional heating effect of the auxiliary ventilation heater of FS-6A pyranometers significantly reduces the inherently physically-based correlation coefficient between the night thermal offset and the net longwave radiation, and the absolute values of FS-6A thermal offset significantly increase but are within 5 W·m-2 under higher wind speeds (noless than 15 m·s-1). The temporal variations of solar DIF irradiances from two FS-6A pyranometers are highly consistent under cloudy overcast condition, and their solar irradiance values are systemically lower (about -6 W·m-2 or -1%) than that of CM22 as the solar DIF irradiance is about 500 W·m-2 from CM22. However, the absolute (relative) difference is respectively lower than 2.6 W·m-2 (4.0%) as the solar zenith angle (θ) is less than 86 °. The GSR close examination suggests that the ratio of FS-6A GSR absolute difference from the sum of horizontally projected DIR and DIF meeting the requirement of threshold value (less than 2% or 15 W·m-2 with θ≤ 80°) proposed by the baseline surface radiation network (BSRN) is more than 80%. But only 44% samples meet the requirement of the BSRN threshold value (less than 3.5% or 20 W·m-2 with θ> 80°) when the four-quadrant tracking solar disk model is applied in operation. Under cloud-free condition, the measurements of GSR, DIR and DIF from the domestically made instruments are well comparable with the simulations from the parameterized solar radiation model that has been extensively applied in middle-low latitudes, and the correlation coefficients between the simulations and observations are more than 0.95. However, the observations are significantly higher than the simulations as the solar irradiance increases. The results suggest that China domestically made solar radiation observation system is fully qualified for the routine observation in polar regions.
-
图 1 2017年夜间FS-6A观测的总辐射和散射辐射、CM21和CM22观测的总辐射小时平均热偏移
Fig. 1 Hourly night-time thermal offset in pyranometers for GSR observations by FS-6A, CM21 and CM22, and for DIF observations by FS-6A in 2017
图 2 FS-6A观测的总辐射和散射辐射、CM21和CM22观测的总辐射夜间热偏移的小时平均值与小时净长波值的关系
Fig. 2 Relationship between hourly night-time thermal offset and the net longwave radiation for GSR observations by FS-6A, CM21 and CM22, and for DIF observations by FS-6A
图 3 FS-6A观测的总辐射和散射辐射、CM21和CM22观测的总辐射夜间热偏移的小时平均值与风速的关系
Fig. 3 Relationship between hourly night-time thermal offset and wind speed for GSR observations by FS-6A, CM21 and CM22, and for DIF observations by FS-6A
图 4 所有天气情形下FS-6A日射表与CM21日射表(a)和CM22日射表(b)20 min总辐射平均测值比较
Fig. 4 Comparison of the 20-minute average GSR measured by FS-6A with those by CM21(a) and CM22(b) under all weather conditions
图 5 全云天FS-6A总辐射、散射辐射和CM21小时平均总辐射与CM22测值比较
Fig. 5 Hourly irradiance from the pyranometers of FS-6A GSR, FS-6A DIF and CM21 GSR observations compared with those by CM22 under cloudy overcast condition
图 7 晴天FS-6A日射表小时平均总辐射、直射辐射和散射辐射测值与模式模拟值比较
Fig. 7 Comparisons of hourly GSR, DIR and DIF between observations and model simulations under cloud-free condition
表 1 中山站日射表主要性能和ISO9060标准表的对应要求
Table 1 Main specifications of pyranometers deployed at Zhongshan Station and those meet ISO9060 standards
性能 FS-6A** CM21 CM22 ISO9060(二等标准表) ISO9060(一级日射表) 优化测量的光谱范围/nm 280~3200 310~2800 200~3600 热偏移热辐射
(净热辐射200 W·m-2)/(W·m-2)<15 <15 <3 <7 <15 余弦效应/(W·m-2)* ±20 ±10 ±5 ±10 ±30 95%响应时间/s 18 5 5 <10 <30 辐照度测量范围/(W·m-2) 0~1400 0~4000 0~4000 小时测量误差/% 2 2 3 8 日测值误差/% ±5 2 2 2 5 注：*表示法线方向入射辐照度为1000 W·m-2的光束从入射角到80°时的任何方向测量时引起的误差范围, **表示该仪器由厂家标定，其余仪器一般由国家级气象计量站定期标定。 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 全云天FS-6A日射表与CM22日射表的GSR和DIF绝对差值和相对差值的平均值
Table 2 The mean of absolute bias and relative bias of GSR and DIF between FS-6A and CM22 under cloudy overcast condition
统计量 θ＜80° 80°≤θ≤86° GSR DIF GSR DIF 小时平均绝对差值/(W·m-2) 1.7±1.3 2.6±1.6 0.6±0.7 0.7±0.6 小时平均相对差值/% 1.1 ±0.7 1.8±0.7 3.5±4.4 3.8±4.7 日平均绝对差值/(W·m-2) 1.7±1.4 2.5±1.6 0.6±0.5 0.7±0.6 日平均相对差值/% 1.1±1.0 2.6±1.9 3.3±4.8 3.7±4.7 月平均绝对差值/(W·m-2) 1.5±0.7 2.3±1.2 0.5±0.2 0.7±0.2 月平均相对差值/% 0.9±0.3 1.4±0.6 2.2±1.3 2.7±1.4 注：所有数值均为绝对差值的平均值±1个标准差。
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 程纯枢.泰山日观峰日射观测结果分析.气象学报, 1956, 27(3):181-194. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXXB195603001.htmCheng C S. Solar radiation observation of Mount Tai-shan observatory. Acta Meteor Sinica, 1956, 27(3): 181-194. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXXB195603001.htm [2] 程纯枢, 严开伟. 十年来我国气象观测技术与仪器研究的进展. 气象学报, 1959, 30(3): 212-217. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXXB195903003.htmCheng C S, Yan K W. Advances in research on meteorological observation technology and instruments in China in recent ten years. Acta Meteor Sinica, 1959, 30(3): 212-217. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXXB195903003.htm [3] 王炳忠, 莫月琴, 杨云, 等. 现代太阳辐射和地球辐射测量及标准. 北京: 气象出版社, 2018.Wang B Z, Mo Y Q, Yang Y, et al. Modern Solar and Earth Radiation Measurements and Standards. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2018. [4] 李晓文, 李维亮, 周秀骥. 中国近30年太阳辐射状况研究. 应用气象学报, 1998, 9(1): 24-31. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/19980104Li X W, Li W L, Zhou X J. Analysis of the solar radiation variations of China region in recent 30 years. J Appl Meteor Sci, 1998, 9(1): 24-31. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/19980104 [5] 李德平, 程兴宏, 孙治安, 等. 北京不同区域气溶胶辐射效应. 应用气象学报, 2018, 29(5): 609-618. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20180509Li D P, Cheng X H, Sun Z A, et al. Radiative effects of aerosols in different region areas of Beijing. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2018, 29(5): 609-618. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20180509 [6] 卞林根, 贾朋群, 陆龙骅, 等. 南极中山站1990年地表能量通量变化观测研究. 中国科学(B辑), 1992, 11: 1224-1232. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JBXK199211014.htmBian L G, Jia P Q, Lu L H, et al. Observational study on the variation of surface energy flux at Zhongshan Station in Antarctica in 1990. Science China(Series B), 1992, 11: 1223-1232. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JBXK199211014.htm [7] 中国气象局. 气象辐射观测方法. 北京: 气象出版社, 1996.China Meteorological Administration. Methods of Meteorological Radiation Observation. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2018. [8] Shi G Y, Hayasaka T, Ohmura A, et al. Data quality assessment and the long-term trend of ground solar radiation in China. J Appl Meteor Climatol, 2008, 47(4): 1006-1016. doi: 10.1175/2007JAMC1493.1 [9] Iqbal M. An Introduction to Solar Radiation. Vol XVⅢ. Toronto: Academic Press, 1983. [10] Tooming H. Dependence of global radiation on cloudiness and surface albedo in Tartu, Estonia. Theor Appl Climatol, 2002, 72(1): 165-172. doi: 10.1007/s00704-002-0671-y [11] 王丹, 盛立芳, 石广玉, 等. 中国地表太阳辐射再分析数据与观测的比较. 应用气象学报, 2012, 23(6): 729-738. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.06.010Wang D, Sheng L F, Shi G Y, et al. Comparison of surface solar radiation reanalysis data and observations over China. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2012, 23(6): 729-738. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.06.010 [12] 刘波, 马利斌, 容新尧, 等. 高分辨率模式对中国地表短波辐射季节预测. 应用气象学报, 2022, 33(3): 341-352. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20220308Liu B, Ma L B, Rong X Y, et al. High-resolution model for seasonal prediction of surface shortwave radiation in China. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2022, 33(3): 341-352. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20220308 [13] 杨云, 权继梅, 丁蕾, 等. 国家级太阳辐射测量标准及其质量控制. 应用气象学报, 2015, 26(1): 95-102. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20150110Yang Y, Quan J M, Ding L, et al. National solar radiation measurement standards and quality control. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2015, 26(1): 95-102. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20150110 [14] Michel D, Philipona R, Ruckstuhl C, et al. Performance and uncertainty of CNR1 net radiometers during a one-year field comparison. J Atmos Oceanic Technol, 2008, 25(3): 442-451. doi: 10.1175/2007JTECHA973.1 [15] Sanchez G, Cancillo M L, Serrano A. An intercomparison of the thermal offset for different pyranometers. J Geophys Res Atmos, 2016, 121: 7901-7912. doi: 10.1002/2016JD024815 [16] Kipp Zonen Manual CMP CMA series Pyranometers albedometers V1610. pdf. [2022-09-07]. http://www.kippzonen.com .[17] Gubler S, Gruber S, Purves R S. Uncertainties of parameterized surface downward clear-sky shortwave and all-sky longwave radiation. Atmos Chem Phys, 2012, 2(11): 5077-5098. [18] 刘梦琪, 赵春生, 郑向东. 夏季西藏4个站点大气向下长波辐射观测分析. 应用气象学报, 2018, 29(5): 596-608. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20180508Liu M Q, Zhao C S, Zheng X D. Analysis of summer downward longwave radiation observation at 4 stations in Tibet. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2018, 29(5): 596-608. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20180508 [19] Liu M Q, Zheng X D, Zhang J Q, et al. A revisiting of the parametrization of downward longwave radiation in summer over the Tibetan Plateau based on high-temporal-resolution measurements. Atmos Chem Phys, 2020, 20(11): 4415-4426. [20] 江苏省无线电科学技术研究所有限公司. FUSH-RS辐射观测站用户手册. 无锡: 江苏省无线电科学技术研究所有限公司, 2015.Jiangsu Radio Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd. FUSH-RS Radiation Observation Station User's Manual. Wuxi: Jiangsu Radio Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., 2015. [21] McArthur L J B. Baseline Surface Radiation Network(BSRN) Operations Manual Version 2.1. WCRP-121, WMO/TD-No. 1274, Geneva: WMO, 2005. [22] World Meteorological Organization(WMO). Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation. WMO-No. 8, Geneva: WMO, 1996. [23] 宋建洋, 郑向东, 程兴宏, 等. 临安与龙凤山辐射数据质量及初步结果比较. 应用气象学报, 2013, 24(1): 65-74. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/20130107Song J Y, Zheng X D, Cheng X H, et al. Quality evaluations and comparisons of radiation data at Lin'an and Longfengshan Stations. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2013, 24(1): 65-74. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/20130107 [24] 权维俊, 陈洪滨, 高燕虎, 等. 上甸子大气本底站太阳辐射观测数据的质量评价. 高原气象, 2009, 28(1): 136-142. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GYQX200901017.htmQuan W J, Chen H B, Gao Y H, et al. The quality evaluation of solar radiation data measured in Shangdianzi background station. Plateau Meteor, 2009, 28(1): 136-142. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GYQX200901017.htm [25] 程兴宏, 张小玲, 郑向东, 等. PSP总日射表热偏移特征及其测量总辐射误差分析. 太阳能学报, 2009, 30(1): 19-26. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TYLX200901006.htmCheng X H, Zhang X L, Zheng X D, et al. Characteristics of thermal offset of a precision spectral pyranometer(PSP) and its error in global solar radiation measurements. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2009, 30(1): 19-26. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TYLX200901006.htm [26] 杨云, 丁蕾, 程兴宏, 等. PSP总日射表灵敏度系数的热偏移订正方法. 应用气象学报, 2012, 23(5): 585-592. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/20120509Yang Y, Ding L, Cheng X H, et al. Thermal offset correction methods for sensitivity of PSP pyranometer. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2012, 23(5): 585-592. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/20120509 [27] Bush B C, Valero F P J, Simpson A S. Characterization of thermal effects in pyranometers: A data correction algorithm for improved measurement of surface insolation. J Atmos Oceanic Technol, 2000, 17: 165-175. [28] Haeffelin M, Kato S, Smith A M, et al. Determination of the thermal offset of the Eppley precision spectral pyranometer. Appl Opt, 2001, 4: 472-484. [29] Zhang Y, Seidel D J, Golaz J C, et al. Climatological characteristics of Arctic and Antarctic surface-based inversions. J Climate, 2011, 24: 5167-5186. [30] Nygärd T, Valkonen T, Vihma T. Antarctic low tropospheric humidity inversions: 10-yr Climatology. J Climate, 2013, 26: 5205-5219. [31] Vignon T, Traullé O, Berne A. On the fine vertical structure of the low troposphere over the coastal margins of East Antarctica. Atmos Chem Phys, 2019, 19: 4659-4683. [32] 张晓娟, 阮祥, 王国安, 等. 国产与荷兰CM6B型总辐射仪观测数据对比分析. 气象科技, 2017, 45(6): 1002-1005;1016. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXKJ201706008.htmZhang X J, Ruan X, Wang G A, et al. Comparative analysis of solar radiation observation data between domestic instruments and Holland CM6B. Meteor Sci Technol, 2017, 45(6): 1002-1005;1016. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXKJ201706008.htm [33] 邱金桓, 许潇锋, 杨景梅. 北京等7个气象台站太阳总辐射观测资料的准确度评估. 应用气象学报, 2008, 19(3): 287-296. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/20080348Qiu J H, Xu X F, Yang J M. Accuracy evaluation of the observational data of the global solar radiation at 7 meteorological observatories including Beijing. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2008, 19(2): 287-296. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/20080348 [34] 陈爱军, 周芬, 梁学伟, 等. 中国地区MODIS地表反照率反演结果的时空分布研究. 大气科学学报, 2018, 41(2): 267-274. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NJQX201802013.htmChen A J, Zhou F, Liang X W, et al. Temporal and spatial distribution of MODIS surface albedo retrieval results in China. Trans Atmos Sci, 2018, 41(2): 267-274. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NJQX201802013.htm [35] Tomasi C, Kokhanovskya A A, Lupia A, et al. Aerosol remote sensing in polar regions. Earth-Science Review, 2015, 140: 104-158. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825214001913 [36] 郑向东, 程海轩. 南极中山站太阳紫外辐射测值比较. 应用气象学报, 2020, 31(4): 482-493. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200410Zheng X D, Chen H X. Comparisons of solar ultraviolet irradiance measurements at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(4): 482-493. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200410 [37] Dutton E G, Michalsky J J, Stoffel T, et al. Measurement of broadband diffuse solar irradiance using current commercial instrumentation with a correction for thermal offset errors. J Atmos Oceanic Technol, 2001, 18: 297-314. [38] Reda I, Hickey J, Long C, et al. Using a blackbody to calculate net longwave responsivity of shortwave solar pyranometers to correct for their thermal offset error during outdoor calibration using the component sum method. J Atmos Oceanic Technol, 2005, 22(10): 1531-1540. [39] Sanchez G, Serrano A, Cancillo M L. Effect of mechanical ventilation on the thermal offset of pyranometers during cloud-free summer conditions. J Atmos Oceanic Technol, 2017, 34(5): 1155-1173. [40] Serrano A, Sanchez G, Cancillo M L. Correcting daytime thermal offset in unventilated pyranometers. J Atmos Oceanic Technol, 2015, 32(11): 2088-2099. [41] Baumgartner D J, Pötzi W, Freislich H, et al. An automated method for the evaluation of the pointing accuracy of sun-tracking devices. Atmos Meas Technol, 2017, 10(3): 1181-1190. [42] Wang P, Knap W H, Kuipers P, et al. Clear-sky shortwave radiative closure for the Chabauw baseline surface radiation network site, Netherlands. J Geophys Res, 2009, 114: D14206. doi: 10.1029/2009JD011978 -
点击查看大图
图(7) / 表(2)
计量
- 摘要浏览量: 1991
- HTML全文浏览量: 127
- PDF下载量: 41
- 被引次数: 0
