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Response of Winter Wheat Tanmai 98 to Sowing Date Adjustments
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摘要: 播种期调整被广泛用于作物适应气候变化, 但播种期调整对作物生长发育过程的影响仍需探讨。基于2017—2022年华北平原北部冬小麦郯麦98的播种期调整大田试验资料, 分析播种期变化对郯麦98的生长发育、产量形成和品质影响。结果表明: 播种期推迟使郯麦98的生长季缩短、有效穗数和籽粒产量减少, 9月30日—10月30日播种期的籽粒产量减少率达569.71 kg·hm-2·(10 d)-1, 但对穗粒数、穗粒重无显著影响。播种期推迟还影响郯麦98成熟期地上干物质分配, 茎秆随播种期推迟呈减少趋势, 为2.44%·(10 d)-1; 而穗部呈增加趋势, 为2.44%·(10 d)-1。播种期变化对郯麦98的叶片光合特性和籽粒品质影响不显著。研究结果可为华北平原北部冬小麦播种期调整提供依据。Abstract: Sowing date adjustments have been widely used for crop adaptation to climate change, but its impact on crop growth and development is still unclear. Based on field sowing date adjustment experiment of winter wheat Tanmai 98 in the northern part of North China Plain from 2017 to 2022, the responses of growth and development, yield formation and quality of Tanmai 98 are analyzed. The results show that delaying sowing date has no significant effect on the growth stage of overwintering stage and regreening stage of winter wheat. The total growth period is 256 days and 228 days for early sowing and late sowing based on the field experiment, and shortening 10 days to 8 days in turn, which is basically consistent with the interval of 10 d during sowing period. The shortening of whole growth period is mainly caused by the shortening of seedling growth period before overwintering. Late sowing date reduces effective panicles number and grain yield of Tanmai 98. The decrease rate of grain yield is 569.71 kg·hm-2·(10 d)-1 during the sowing date from 30 September to 30 October, but few significant effects are found on grain number and weight per spike. The delay of sowing date also affects the aboveground dry matter distribution of Tanmai 98 during maturity stage. The stem weight decreases with the delay of sowing date by 2.44%·(10 d)-1, but the spike of wheat increases by 2.44%·(10 d)-1. The harvest index increases with the delay of sowing date. The harvest index of S2, S3 and CK are all higher than 0.5000, while the harvest index of S1 is 0.4878. There is no significant effect on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and grain quality of Tanmai 98 by sowing date adjustments. Therefore, under the background of climate change, the winter wheat sowing date should be postponed in the northern part of the North China Plain from 1 October to 15 October. At the same time, the planting amount should be increased in steps, and basic seedlings should be increased, so as to offset the adverse effects of late sowing of wheat seedlings with fewer tillers and fewer panicle number, ensuring high yield. However, very late sowing date would still lead to yield reduction. The results provide information for the decision-making of winter wheat to climate change adaptation in the northern part of the North China Plain.
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Key words:
- winter wheat Tanmai 98;
- sowing date;
- growth period;
- yield;
- quality
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图 1 郯麦98分期播种试验籽粒(1000粒)灌浆变化
(a)2017—2022年年平均籽粒干物质累积，(b)2019—2020年籽粒灌浆速率，(c)2021—2022年籽粒灌浆速率
Fig. 1 Variation of grain(1000 seeds) filling of winter wheat Tanmai 98 staged sowing date experiment
(a)annual grain dry matter accumulation during 2017-2022, (b)grain filling rate during 2019-2020, (c)grain filling rate during 2021-2022
表 1 2017—2022年郯麦98分期播种试验关键发育期特征
Table 1 Characteristics of key growth periods of winter wheat Tanmai 98 under different sowing date experiments from 2017 to 2022
发育期及发育阶段 CK S1 S2 S3 出苗期 10-18 10-05 10-29 11-11 分蘖期 11-12 10-27 拔节期 次年04-04 次年04-04 次年04-06 次年04-10 孕穗期 次年04-19 次年04-18 次年04-19 次年04-22 抽穗期 次年04-28 次年04-27 次年04-28 次年04-30 开花期 次年05-05 次年05-06 次年05-06 次年05-08 成熟期 次年06-13 次年06-13 次年06-13 次年06-15 生长季/d 246 256 236 228 越冬前幼苗期/d 45 58 34 21 营养生长期(返青后苗期)/d 48 48 49 52 生殖生长期(孕穗-成熟)/d 55 56 55 54 籽粒灌浆期(开花-成熟)/d 39 38 38 38 
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表 2 2017—2022年郯麦98分期播种试验的籽粒灌浆特征
Table 2 Grain filling characteristics of winter wheat Tanmai 98 under different sowing date experiments from 2017 to 2022
处理 开花普期 灌浆开始测定日期 灌浆结束日期 灌浆持续日数/d 灌浆峰值日期 灌浆速率峰值/(g·(5 d)-1) 平均灌浆速率/(g·(5 d)-1) CK 05-05 05-15 06-13 29 05-30 11.560 6.577 S1 05-06 05-16 06-14 29 05-30 11.080 6.479 S2 05-06 05-16 06-15 30 05-30 11.020 6.688 S3 05-08 05-18 06-17 30 05-29 11.390 6.349
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表 3 2019—2020年和2021—2022年郯麦98分期播种试验的籽粒灌浆特征
Table 3 Grain filling characteristics of winter wheat Tanmai 98 under different sowing date experiments during 2019-2020 and 2021-2022
年份 处理 开花普期 灌浆开始测定日期 灌浆结束日期 灌浆持续日数/d 灌浆峰值日期 灌浆速率峰值/(g·(5 d)-1) 平均灌浆速率/(g·(5 d)-1) 2019—2020 CK 05-05 05-15 06-13 29 05-30 12.301 6.961 S1 05-06 05-16 06-13 28 05-29 11.866 6.743 S2 05-05 05-15 06-14 30 05-30 11.328 7.200 S3 05-06 05-16 05-24 11.879 6.905 2021—2022 CK 05-03 05-13 06-14 32 05-28 13.198 6.204 S1 05-04 05-14 06-18 35 05-29 12.702 6.020 S2 05-04 05-14 06-15 32 05-28 12.620 6.175 S3 05-04 05-14 06-12 29 05-29 12.580 6.829
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表 4 2017—2022年郯麦98分期播种试验收获期地上干物质分配率(单位：%)
Table 4 Above-ground dry matter distribution rate during the harvest period of winter wheat Tanmai 98 under different sowing date experiments from 2017 to 2022(unit: %)
处理 茎秆 颖壳和穗轴 籽粒 穗部 CK 36.52 12.70 50.78 63.48 S1 38.61 12.33 49.07 61.39 S2 33.04 13.59 53.37 66.96 S3 31.64 14.60 53.77 68.36
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表 5 2017—2022年郯麦98分期播种试验平均产量要素
Table 5 Average yield components of winter wheat Tanmai 98 under different sowing date experiments from 2017 to 2022
处理 有效穗数 小穗数 不孕小穗数 穗粒数 穗粒重/g 籽粒重/g 千粒重/g 收获指数 理论产量/(kg·hm-2) CK 541.4 16.9 0.8 47.7 2.285 893.7 48.385 0.5055 8937.2 S1 581.8 17.8 1.0 49.1 2.344 937.1 48.043 0.4878 9371.3 S2 519.6 16.0 0.8 45.6 2.171 847.7 48.048 0.5299 8477.8 S3 448.4 15.6 0.7 45.8 2.091 762.5 45.647 0.5381 7625.4
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表 6 2018—2022年郯麦98分期播种试验的叶片平均光合特性
Table 6 Average leaf photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat Tanmai 98 under different sowing date experiments from 2018 to 2022
处理 净光合速率/(μmol·m-2·s-1) 蒸腾速率/(mol·m-2·s-1) 水分利用效率/(μmol·mmol-1) 拔节期 抽穗期 乳熟期 平均 拔节期 抽穗期 乳熟期 平均 拔节期 抽穗期 乳熟期 平均 CK 17.372 20.287 17.602 18.420 4.068 6.569 9.189 6.608 4.271 3.088 1.916 3.092 S1 16.866 19.282 17.982 18.043 3.799 6.228 9.110 6.379 4.440 3.096 1.974 3.170 S2 19.458 20.473 17.519 19.150 4.724 6.788 8.871 6.794 4.119 3.016 1.975 3.037 S3 19.288 18.826 17.908 18.674 4.582 6.570 9.275 6.809 4.210 2.866 1.931 3.002
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表 7 2017—2021年郯麦98分期播种试验籽粒品质
Table 7 Grain quality of winter wheat Tanmai 98 under different sowing date experiments from 2017 to 2021
指标 CK S1 S2 S3 标准差 苏氨酸/(g·kg-1) 3.18 3.21 3.13 3.04 0.08 必需 缬氨酸/(g·kg-1) 4.79 4.93 4.74 4.70 0.10 蛋氨酸/(g·kg-1) 1.46 1.35 1.30 1.28 0.08 异亮氨酸/(g·kg-1) 4.11 4.30 4.11 4.11 0.09 亮氨酸/(g·kg-1) 7.56 7.68 7.50 7.37 0.13 苯丙氨酸(g·kg-1) 5.29 5.44 5.27 5.26 0.09 赖氨酸/(g·kg-1) 3.79 4.04 4.09 3.92 0.14 合计/(g·kg-1) 30.19 30.95 30.14 29.68 0.53 组氨酸/(g·kg-1) 4.66 3.90 4.71 4.90 0.44 半必需 精氨酸/(g·kg-1) 5.18 4.95 4.98 4.84 0.14 合计/(g·kg-1) 9.84 8.85 9.69 9.74 0.46 天冬氨酸/(g·kg-1) 10.80 10.68 10.70 9.88 0.43 非必需 谷氨酸/(g·kg-1) 36.04 37.34 34.27 35.28 1.29 胱氨酸/(g·kg-1) 3.55 3.62 3.43 2.90 0.33 丝氨酸/(g·kg-1) 4.62 5.02 4.60 4.59 0.21 甘氨酸/(g·kg-1) 4.72 4.80 4.81 4.65 0.08 丙氨酸/(g·kg-1) 4.01 3.95 3.90 3.77 0.10 脯氨酸/(g·kg-1) 14.73 14.81 14.48 15.26 0.32 酪氨酸/(g·kg-1) 2.37 2.30 2.07 2.14 0.14 蛋白质/(g·(100 g)-1) 13.08 13.03 12.43 12.95 0.30 脂肪/(g·(100 g)-1) 1.20 1.18 1.23 1.20 0.02 淀粉/(g·(100 g)-1) 54.95 55.03 55.73 55.63 0.40
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