微型智能气象站降雨观测对比试验

王振超; 陈雪娇; 刘姝; 花家嘉; 刘文忠

doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20230405

微型智能气象站降雨观测对比试验

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20230405

王振超^{1, 2},
陈雪娇^{1, 2},
刘姝^{1, 2},
花家嘉^{1, 2},
刘文忠^3, ,

1.
中国气象局雄安大气边界层重点开放实验室, 雄安新区 071000
2.
河北雄安新区气象局, 雄安新区 071000
3.
河北省气象技术装备中心, 石家庄 050021

资助项目:

河北省气象局科研开发项目 21kyd07

详细信息

通信作者:
刘文忠, 邮箱：470807863@qq.com

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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-02-24
- 修回日期: 2023-05-15
- 刊出日期: 2023-07-31

Comparison Experiment for Rainfall Observation of Micro-smart Weather Stations

Wang Zhenchao^{1, 2},
Chen Xuejiao^{1, 2},
Liu Shu^{1, 2},
Hua Jiajia^{1, 2},
Liu Wenzhong^{3
, ,}

1.
China Meteorological Administration Xiong'an Atmospheric Boundary Layer Key Laboratory, Xiong'an New Area 071000
2.
Hebei Xiong'an New Area Meteorological Service, Xiong'an New Area 071000
3.
Hebei Meteorological Technology and Equipment Center, Shijiazhuang 050021

摘要

摘要: 为了增强对微型（一体式）智能气象站（简称微智站）测雨性能的认识，2021年6—11月河北雄安新区气象局开展了不同测雨原理微智站的对比试验。分析表明：过程雨量不低于10 mm时，翻斗式微智站相对于标准站能够满足观测误差的控制要求，雷达式微智站测值偏大，光电式和压电式微智站测值偏小；过程雨量小于10 mm时，翻斗式微智站和压电式微智站相对于标准站能够满足观测误差的控制要求，雷达式微智站测值偏大，光电式微智站测值偏小。在雨强方面，双翻斗式微智站适合降雨极大值观测，光电式微智站和压电式微智站降雨极大值测值偏小；微智站雨强累积占比大于95%的雨强为[0.3 mm·min^-1，0.6 mm·min^-1]，雨量累积占比大于50%的雨强为[0.1 mm·min^-1，0.4 mm·min^-1]。雷达式微智站对降雨响应比较快。微智站雨量传感器的分辨力越精细，对细微降雨观测越有效，有效降雨率也越大。
- 微型(一体式)智能气象站;
- 降雨特性;
- 外场对比观测
Abstract: In order to enhance the understanding of rainfall observation performance of micro-smart (integrated) weather stations and to promote the application in rainfall observation operations, a comparative experiment for the rainfall observation of radar, photoelectric, piezoelectric and tipping bucket micro-smart weather stations is carried out by Hebei Xiong'an New Area Meteorological Service from June to November in 2021. The rainfall observation capability of micro-smart weather stations with different rainfall observation principles are analyzed in terms of total rainfall, rainfall intensity, percentage of rainfall intensity and temporal characteristics. It shows that when the accumulated precipitation exceeds 10 mm, the precipitation measured by the tipping bucket micro-smart weather station can meet observation error control requirements compared with the precipitation observed by the standard station, while results of the radar micro-smart weather station are large and results of the photoelectric and piezoelectric micro-smart weather stations are small. When the cumulative precipitation is less than 10 mm, results of the tipping bucket and piezoelectric micro-smart weather stations can meet observation error control requirements, while results of radar micro-smart weather stations are large and results of photoelectric micro-smart weather stations are small. In terms of rainfall intensity, the double tipping bucket station is suitable for monitoring rainfall extreme, while photovoltaic and piezoelectric stations underestimate the extreme. Radar-based micro-smart weather stations can be calibrated and revised for rainfall extreme monitoring by adjusting internal parameters. Analysis of different rainfall intensities and their corresponding rainfall ratios show that the rain intensity corresponding to a rain intensity accumulation ratio greater than 95% at each micro-smart weather station is[0.3 mm·min^-1, 0.6 mm·min^-1] and the rain intensity corresponding to a rainfall accumulation ratio greater than 50% is[0.1 mm·min^-1, 0.4 mm·min^-1]. It shows that within 0.4 mm·min^-1, the proportion of rainfall measured by any type of rain sensor accounts for more than half of the total rainfall, so more attention should be paid to accuracy for small rain intensity in the operational rain sensor rate determination. As the resolving capacity increases, the tipping bucket type micro-smart weather station becomes less sensitive to the starting time and will identify the ending time earlier. The radar type micro-smart weather station responds to rainfall relatively more quickly. Finer resolving capacity of the rain sensor will enhance the monitoring effectiveness of fine rainfall and the effective rainfall rate.
- micro-smart (integrated) weather stations;
- rainfall characteristics;
- field comparison observation

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图 1 微型站外场对比试验场地布设示意图

Fig. 1 Schematic layout of comparison experiment for micro-smart weather stations

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图 2 微智站过程雨量相对误差箱线图

(方框上边界和下边界分别表示总样本的75%和25%比例的数值，上下虚线端点分别表示最大值和最小值，方框中黑色横线表示中位数，绿色菱形表示平均值，蓝色虚线为±4%的误差线)

Fig. 2 Box plots of relative error for process precipitation of micro-smart weather stations

(upper and lower boundaries of the box denote 75 and 25 percentiles, top and bottom ends of the whiskers denote the maximum and minimum, the black horizontal line inside the box denotes the median, green diamonds denote the mean, blue dashed lines denote ±4% of bias)

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图 3 不同降雨时长最大雨量的误差散点图

Fig. 3 Scatter plot of maximum rainfall bias at different duration

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图 4 标准站和微智站的雨强占比及其累积占比

Fig. 4 Proportion and accumulated proportion of rainfall intensity measured by standard station and micro-smart weather stations

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图 5 标准站和微智站雨强对雨量的贡献及其累积占比

Fig. 5 Contribution and accumulated proportion of rainfall intensity to rainfall measured by standard station and micro-smart weather stations

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表 1 微智站基本信息

Table 1 Basic information of micro-smart stations

微智站编号	分辨力/(mm·min^-1)	雨强/(mm·min^-1)	传感器类型	承水口(翻斗) 直径/mm	设备型号
C00	0.1		电阻感雨		HY-SKY3
C01	0.01	0~24	雷达式		ZY3140
C02	0.01	0~24	雷达式		CY-YTJ-S06
C03	0.1	0~4	单翻斗	159	jy-wx-qx
C04	0.01	0~24	雷达式		WS60
C05	0.01	0~4	光电式		P-IIS-MWS
C06	0.1	0.1~4	压电式		DZZ4-XVSA
C07	0.2	0~4	双翻斗式	200	SAMS-Ⅱ
C08	0.01	0~24	雷达式		Theaty-Ⅱ
C09	0.2	0~4	双翻斗式	200	SAMS
C10	0.01	0~24	雷达式		ZQX-36
C11	0.01	0~24	雷达式		SW600

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表 2 2021年6月15日—10月15日降雨过程(单位：mm)

Table 2 Rainfall events from 15 Jun to 15 Oct in 2021 (unit:mm)

起止时间	C01	C02	C03	C04	C05	C06	C07	C08	C09	C10	C11	标准站
07-01T18:01—21:00	14.2			24.4	2.6	7.2	16.8		21.5	18.2		17.5
07-02T23:01—03T20:00	46.3			53.9	4.4	17.9	38.4		49.6	47.2		39.2
07-10T23:01—12T07:00	101.7		87.9	173.2	18.3	41.9	112.4		142.2	124.9	32.3	111.7
07-18T09:01—19:00	20.6	20.3	18.2	27.7	1.4	8.2	18.6	15.5	21.8	24.5	7.0	18.6
07-21T10:01—22T06:00	19.1	16.7	12.1	15.3	0.3	5.8	15.0	12.4	17.2	20.3	5.9	13.9
07-27T15:01—30T09:00	46.8			35.8	5.8	13.7	42.6		43.8	52.7	13.2	37.0
08-04T03:01—07:00	11.9		9.9	17.0	0.8	5.2	12.2	9.0	15.6	15.3	4.2	11.9
08-05T12:01—14:00	21.4		14.3	24.2	8.2	7.1	17.8	13.6	21.4	22.5	6.4	18.5
08-09T00:01—03:00	3.2		0.0	2.2	0.0	1.6	1.4	2.0	1.6	3.5	1.5	1.2
08-14T06:01—08:00	7.9		30.0	8.2	0.0	3.1	5.6	5.0	6.8	9.9	3.1	5.7
08-16T03:01—17T02:00	2.5	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.0	0.3	1.6	1.6	2.2	2.6	0.9	1.3
08-19T06:01—20:00	19.9		30.0	17.6	0.0	5.9		19.7		23.3	5.6	23.1
08-23T19:00—24T02:00	29.8		54.5	45.3	5.2	12.7	32.0	23.7	31.6	38.6	11.6	32.9
08-26T20:01—21:00	0.7		0.0	0.4	0.0	0.3	0.2	0.5	0.2	0.8	0.5	0.2
08-31T02:01—09:00	4.7		0.9	0.0	0.0		2.0	2.2	2.0	5.9	1.3	1.7
09-04T01:01—06T11:00	10.5		10.8	3.5	0.5	0.0	12.0	8.9	11.6	11.7	2.5	10.6
09-16T08:01—17T00:00	4.5	6.8	0.2	0.5	0.3	0.5	1.6	1.4	1.4	2.1	0.3	1.2
09-18T19:01—20T11:00	51.0	117.8	40.6	47.1	25.9	21.7	67.4		66.6	58.9	9.5	65.3
09-23T22:01—24T22:00	16.1		12.7	10.9	1.2	5.9	11.8	10.7	11.8	17.0	6.1	11.1
09-25T22:01—27T06:00	5.8		14.8	1.0	1.5	0.5	14.4	3.6	13.8	6.7	1.1	12.9
10-03T10:01—07T05:00	131.9			109.5	2.4	69.8	103.8	103.0	104.4		44.0	104.2
10-08T21:01—09T21:00	13.1		14.0	4.6	0.1	3.7	13.8	9.8	13.4		4.0	12.9

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表 3 标准站和微智站不同时长的最大雨量(单位：mm)

Table 3 Maximum rainfall of standard and micro-smart weather stations at different duration (unit:mm)

测站	时长
测站	1 min	5 min	10 min	30 min	60 min
标准站	2.4	9.8	19.5	44.1	50.2
C01	1.3	7.9	16.5	39.6	49.6
C02	3.5	12.6	29.9	65.1	70.1
C03	2.2	7.6	14.6	34.8	38.0
C04	3.7	14.1	27.8	68.0	76.8
C05	0.6	2.0	3.5	8.9	10.7
C06	0.3	2.7	4.2	11.5	15.1
C07	2.4	8.8	17.4	41.2	47.4
C08	0.4	1.8	0.0	8.1	9.2
C09	3.3	11.7	23.4	55.0	63.2
C10	1.7	7.8	17.7	42.1	50.9
C11	0.6	2.1	4.2	11.1	14.5

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表 4 标准站和微智站降雨时间特征参数差异

Table 4 Differences in rainfall time parameters between standard station and micro-smart weather stations

测站	开始时间/min	结束时间/min	a/%
标准站	0	0	21.7
C01	-141.4	2.6	22.3
C02	-139.8	173.8	37.3
C03	-111.0	151.1	18.8
C04	98.1	-214.7	34.0
C05	279.0	-221.2	31.6
C06	50.8	-190.1	23.3
C07	60.7	-62.1	17.9
C08	-87.1	2.5	18.6
C09	19.8	-28.9	19.7
C10	-103.0	-4.5	25.6
C11	-1.4	-16.5	9.2

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微型智能气象站降雨观测对比试验

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20230405

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刘文忠, 邮箱：470807863@qq.com

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Comparison Experiment for Rainfall Observation of Micro-smart Weather Stations

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微型智能气象站降雨观测对比试验

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20230405

通信作者: 刘文忠, 邮箱：470807863@qq.com

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Comparison Experiment for Rainfall Observation of Micro-smart Weather Stations

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通信作者:
刘文忠, 邮箱：470807863@qq.com