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Statistical Characteristics and Regional Differences of Raindrop Size Distribution During 6 Typhoon Rainstorms in Shandong
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摘要: 利用多普勒天气雷达产品、降水天气现象仪观测资料和热带气象最佳路径数据集，针对2018—2021年6次影响山东的台风暴雨过程的降水特征，分析台风影响代表站暴雨雨滴谱和积分参数的变化特征。结果表明：不同台风进入山东之初的微物理特征不同，台风安比（1810）、台风温比亚（1818）、台风巴威（2008）和台风烟花（2106）偏海洋性，台风摩羯（1814）和台风利奇马（1909）偏大陆性。经过不同距离、受不同环境影响后，台风暴雨的微物理特征出现变化。参数间的统计关系显示，大陆性和海洋性对流云降水存在差异，如μ-λ统计关系等。Z-R关系较复杂，大陆性和海洋性对流云降水过程，Z-R关系无明显差异。平衡雨滴谱占比为0.8%~29.3%，较高占比（大于7.0%）平衡雨滴谱既可出现在海洋性对流云降水过程，也可以出现在大陆性对流云降水过程；过渡雨滴谱占比为22.8%~77.8%，高比例（大于50.0%）过渡谱主要出现在大陆性对流云降水过程。Abstract: Based on disdrometers, Doppler radar products and conventional meteorological observation, precipitation characteristics of typhoon rainstorms affecting Shandong from 2018 to 2021 are explored, and evolution characteristics of raindrop size distribution and integral parameters of typhoon raindrops are analyzed. lgNw-Dm distribution shows that microphysical characteristics of different typhoons are different when entering Shandong. Ampil(1810), Rumbia(1818), Bavi(2008) and In-Fa(2106) are more maritime-like, while Yagi(1814) and Lekima(1909) are more continental-like. Microphysical characteristics of these typhoons are quite different after passing different distance and affected by the environment. Microphysical characteristics of Ampil and Bavi at two observation sites in north and south Shandong are similar, and rain drop size distribution (DSD) characteristics of their convective precipitation are maritime. Microphysical characteristics of Yagi are more continental when it enters Shandong. After moving northward, its DSD changes into a typical continental convective precipitation in northwest Shandong. DSD characteristics of Rumbia convective precipitation in Feicheng, Shandong Province are maritime, and change to continental near Guangrao under the influence of cold air, and then changes to maritime type over Laiyang after moving eastward. Microphysical characteristics of convective precipitation change several times. DSD characteristics of convective precipitation before Lekima denaturation are continental type (Lanling and Gaotang), while the spectral characteristics of convective precipitation DSD change to maritime (Linqu and Zhangqiu) during and after denaturation. In the process of In-Fa moving northward, the precipitation weakens obviously, and the microphysical characteristics of convective precipitation change significantly, from maritime in the south to continental in the north. The statistical relationships of various parameters between continental and maritime convective precipitation are different. The μ-λ statistical relation of the quadratic polynomial show that continental (maritime) precipitation generally has smaller (larger) constant terms except for Capricorn Texas, during which continental (maritime) precipitation generally has a slightly larger (slightly smaller) primary term and a smaller (larger) secondary term. However, Z-R relationship is complicated, and there are no significant differences between continental and maritime convective precipitation processes. Large index b is more likely to appear in continental precipitation processes, while small index b is more likely to appear in maritime precipitation processes. In addition, the proportion of equilibrium DSD is low, which can appear in both maritime and continental convective precipitation process, while the transition DSD with high proportion is more in continental convective precipitation processes.
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图 1 S波段多普勒天气雷达(黑色空心三角)、降水天气现象仪(黑色实心圆点) 和台风移动路径
Fig. 1 Locations of Doppler weather radars (black hollow triangles), precipitation phenomenon instruments (black solid dots) and typhoon tracks
图 2 代表站不同雨强(R，单位：mm·h-1) 的平均雨滴谱(N(D))分布
Fig. 2 Average raindrop size distributions(N(D)) of different rain rate (R, unit: mm·h-1) categories for typical stations
图 3 代表站平均lgNw-Dm分布
(绿色矩形框分别为海洋性和大陆性对流云降水分布区域，黑色虚线是层状云降水的平均分布)
Fig. 3 Average lgNw-Dm for typical stations
(green rectangles denote maritime and continental convective clusters, the black dashed line denotes the average stratiform precipitation)
图 4 代表站层状云降水和对流云降水Z-R关系的系数A和指数b
Fig. 4 Coefficient A and index b of Z-R relationship for stratiform and convective precipitation for typical stations
图 6 不同雨强的平衡雨滴谱分布
Fig. 6 Equilibrium raindrop size distribution of different rain rates
表 1 代表站7类雨强(R，单位：mm·h-1) 的样本量
Table 1 Sample number of seven rain rate (R, unit: mm·h-1) categories for typical stations
台风 代表站 0.5＜R≤2 2＜R≤5 5＜R≤10 10＜R≤20 20＜R≤50 50＜R≤100 100＜R≤200 安比 五莲 394 257 196 126 100 4 0 滨州 233 270 131 70 34 0 0 摩羯 台儿庄 444 299 160 142 90 45 5 诸城 179 128 81 53 32 9 13 德州 79 147 84 107 98 68 1 温比亚 广饶 343 185 128 107 186 89 0 莱阳 165 223 151 88 61 40 5 利奇马 兰陵 295 243 259 234 144 25 0 临朐 535 421 179 230 446 88 2 章丘 1007 1136 816 707 145 0 0 高唐 683 286 95 55 72 69 9 巴威 诸城 176 160 109 113 136 46 0 平度 134 166 170 128 86 8 0 烟花 台儿庄 622 437 330 205 128 15 1 平原 374 293 200 101 39 1 0 
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表 2 代表站不同最大斜率(HS，单位：m-3·mm-2) 的雨滴谱占比(单位：%)
Table 2 Percentage of raindrop size based on different maximum slopes (HS, unit: m-3·mm-2) for typical stations (unit: %)
台风 代表站 HS＞0.0 -0.5＜HS≤0.0 -1.0＜HS≤-0.5 -1.5＜HS≤-1.0 -2.0＜HS≤-1.5 HS≤-2.0 安比 五莲 3.9 38.0 43.2 11.7 2.9 0.3 滨州 8.8 50.5 35.3 4.9 0.5 0.0 摩羯 台儿庄 2.4 22.8 67.3 7.5 0.0 0.0 诸城 29.3 44.8 23.6 2.3 0.0 0.0 德州 2.0 77.8 19.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 温比亚 广饶 6.7 75.3 17.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 莱阳 3.3 45.1 45.4 5.9 0.3 0.0 利奇马 兰陵 4.1 52.8 37.6 5.1 0.4 0.0 临朐 0.8 54.6 41.6 2.9 0.1 0.0 章丘 7.8 36.5 43.6 11.7 0.5 0.0 高唐 15.6 62.7 20.3 1.5 0.0 0.0 巴威 诸城 10.3 49.1 37.1 3.2 0.3 0.0 平度 7.1 35.6 47.2 10.2 0.0 0.0 烟花 台儿庄 4.9 26.2 56.6 11.0 1.2 0.0 平原 9.2 51.8 35.1 3.6 0.3 0.0
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